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Parasitology > Lecture 15: Giardiasis > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Giardiasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common intestinal commensal or parasite in vertebrates

A

Giardia

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2
Q

Where in the intestines does giardia infect

A

Upper intestinal tracts

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3
Q

What Giardia infects rodents

A

G. Muris

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4
Q

What Giardia infects muskrats and voles

A

G. Microti

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5
Q

what Giardia infects amphibians

A

G. Agillis

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6
Q

What Giardia infects birds

A

G. Psittaci and G. Ardeae

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7
Q

What Giardia infects reptiles

A

G. Varani

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8
Q

Describe the key characteristics of Giardia Trophozoite

A
  1. Pyriform (tear drop) shape
  2. Two nuclei
  3. Two median bodies
  4. Five pairs of flagella
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9
Q

What are the key characteristics of Giardia cysts

A
  1. Thick walled
  2. Contain 4 nuclei
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10
Q

How many trophozoites are released from a cyst

A

2

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11
Q

What triggers excystation

A

Gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes and bile salts

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12
Q

What species does genetic assemblage do A and B infect

A

Wide range of domestic and wild animals including humans

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13
Q

What does subassemblage AI infect

A

Domestic livestocks and pets

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14
Q

What does subassemblage AUII primary infect

A

Humans

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15
Q

What species does the C and D genetic assemblage infect

A

Dogs and wild canids

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16
Q

What species does E of the genetic assemblage infect

A

Hoofed stock- cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses

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17
Q

What species does F of the genetic assemblage infect

A

Cats

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18
Q

What species does G of the genetic assemblage usually infect

A

Rodents

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19
Q

What species does H of the genetic assemblage usually infect

A

Seals

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20
Q

How is Giardia transmitted

A
  1. Direct ingestion of cysts
  2. Indirect ingestion of contaminated water, food, transport hosts, infected prey, or fomites
  3. Re-infected from animal fur when they groom
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21
Q

What is the prepatent period in cats

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A

5-16 days (mean 10)

22
Q

What is the prepatent period in dogs

Study These Flashcards
A

4-12 days (mean 8)

23
Q

How does Giardia use attachment as a virulence factor

Study These Flashcards
A

Ventral adhesive disc and surface lectins enable attachment to and colonization of the intestinal endothelium

24
Q

How does Giardia use circumvention of the natural factors of the intestinal lumen as a virulence factor

Study These Flashcards
A

Flagellar motility enables re-localization to new endothelial cells during colonization, and VSPs potentially help protect against luminal proteases, oxygen and free radicals

25
how does Giardia alter the host innate defense to use as a virulence factor
Released arginine deiminase and down regulate the epithelial production of nitric oxide
25
How does Giardia use antigenic variation as a virulence factor
VSP on the Trophozoite surface switches to avoid Ig-A directed clearance
26
How does Giardia use anti-inflammatory modifications as virulence factor
Unknown Trophozoite products have anti-inflammatory roles
27
How does Giardia survive in the stomach (virulence factor)
Differentiation into cyst
28
What is a variant specific surface protein (VSP)
Cysteine rich, surface proteins that covers entire Giardia cell Main function is immune evasion
29
How does the VSP evade the immune system
On-off switching of the expression of genes encoding VSP
30
What is the pathogenesis of giardia
1. Ingested cysts release 2 trophozoites in duodenum 2. Trophozoites mature and attack to the brush border of the villus epithelium via ventral adhesive disks and surface molecules
31
Where are trophozoites commonly found in dog intestines
Duodenum to ileum
32
Where are trophozoites commonly found in cat intestines
Jejunum to ileum
33
What are some proposed mechanisms of giardiasis
1. Apoptosis of enterocytes 2. Loss of epithelial barrier function 3. Hypersecretion of Cl- 4. Diffuse microvillus shortening 5. Immune reaction 6. Inhibition of brush border enzymes and trypsin 7. Interference with bile salt metabolism
34
What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in cats and dogs
Acute, chronic or intermittent diarrhea or soft tools. Typically light colored, mucoid, malodorous May contains fat Dog may lose weight and vomit
35
What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in domestic hoofed stock
Diarrhea pasty to fluid, mucoid, decreased appetite, loss or failure to gain weight
36
T or F: Giardia is uncommon in horses
True
37
What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in non-human primates
Diarrhea, lethargy, weight loss, vomiting
38
What are the two species of Giardia from birds
1. Giardia psittaci 2. Giardia ardae
39
What birds have. G. Psittaci
Parrots
40
What birds have G. Ardeae
Herons, egrets, storks
41
What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in avian species
1. Diarrhea- mucoid, malodorous, anorexia and depression 2. Feather plucking 3. Poor growth and high mortality in cockatiels, budgergiars
42
What is the most implicated species in zoonotic transmission of Giardia
Beavers
43
How do you diagnose Giardia
1. Clinical suspicion- history and diarrhea (unresponsive to Antiboitoics) 2. Microscopic examination of fresh species 3. Fecal immunoassays 4. PCR
44
What are some fecal tests that you can run for Giardia
1. Direct saline smear 2. Fecal float
45
What fecal test/microscopic examination do you want to use for motile trophozoites of Giardia
Direct saline smear
46
What fecal test/microscopic examination do you want to use for detection of cysts
Fecal float with zinc sulfate flotation
47
What is A, B and C
A. Giardia cyst B. Giardia Trophozoite C. Detached trophozoites in intestinal lumen
48
A fecal flotation was performed on a cat with suspected Giardia. What solution was used in the fecal float on the left vs the right
Left: sheathes sugar solution the eggs will not float with a specific gravity of 1.25 Right: zinc sulfate solution which has a lower specific gravity ~1.18 allowing the cysts to float
49
How do you prevent giardiasis
1. Bathe affected dogs and cats to remove cysts from hair 2. Feces removed daily 3. Surfaces sanitized

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