lecture 15

Question 1

Components of the LRT?

Answer 1

Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli

Question 2

Functions of LRT?

Answer 2

Conducts air to/from site of gas exchange
Completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
barrier between air and blood with large surface area

Question 3

What is the the larynx a passage for?

Answer 3

Air only

Question 4

What is the function of cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 4

protect and maintain open airway

Question 5

what is the purpose of the epiglottis?

Answer 5

closing over the airway when swallowing

Question 6

What is the larynx anterior to?

Answer 6

Oesophagus

Question 7

What are the most important cartilages in the larynx?

Answer 7

Cricoid cartilages
Thyroid cartilages
Laryngeal Prominence (Adams apple)
epiglottis

Question 8

What is the glottis?

Answer 8

Voicebox

Question 9

What are the vocal folds?

Answer 9

true vocal folds

Question 10

How are sound waves made?

Answer 10

passing air causes vibrations

Question 11

Why do men have deeper voices?

Answer 11

Testosterone affects cartilage and muscle, making longer, thicker folds

Question 12

what are vestibular folds?

Answer 12

false vocal cords

Question 13

Where are the vestibular folds?

Answer 13

superior to the vocal folds

Question 14

What is the function of the vestibular folds?

Answer 14

prevent foreign object entry to glottis

Question 15

Where is the trachea?

Answer 15

anterior to oesophagus, between larynx and primary bronchi

Question 16

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 16

maintain a patent airway

clean, warm and humidify air

Question 17

How does the trachea maintain a patent airway?

Answer 17

C-shaped cartilage rings connected by smooth muscle

Question 18

What is the trachealis?

Answer 18

Smooth muscle which contracts when coughing and connects c-shaped cartilage

Question 19

What and where is the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 19

In the trachea and it is there to remove debris to the pharynx

Question 20

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

Answer 20

mucus is produced by goblet cells which traps debris and cilia beats the mucus up towards the pharynx

Question 21

Why is the trachea C-shaped?

Answer 21

to prevent pushing into the oesophagus

Question 22

What muscle is important to eject food if it does get down the airway?

Answer 22

trachialis muscle

Question 23

What provides movement when coughing?

Answer 23

elastin fibres in mucosa and submucosa

Question 24

Which side of the lungs has 2 lobes?

Answer 24

the left because of the heart

Question 25

how many lobes do the right lungs have?

Answer 25

3 lobes right

Question 26

What is the hilum?

Answer 26

Where bronchi and blood vessels enter lungs

Question 27

Where is the apex of the lung?

Answer 27

On the superior region of the lung

Question 28

What is the costal surface?

Answer 28

The outer surface against the ribs

Question 29

Where is the base of the lungs?

Answer 29

the inferior aspect that sits on the diaphragm

Question 30

What is apart of the bronchial tree?

Answer 30

``` Trachea 1 bronchi 2 bronchi (lobar) 3 bronchi (segmental) Bronchioles terminal bronchioles ```

Question 31

What is the primary (1) bronchi lined with?

Answer 31

Respiratory epithelium | cartilage and smooth muscle rings

Question 32

What happens to respiratory epithelium in the 2nd and 3rd bronchi?

Answer 32

respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height and goblet cell numbers reduce

Question 33

What epithelium lines the bronchioles?

Answer 33

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 34

What is the purpose of thick smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

Answer 34

Thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstrion/dilation

Question 35

What do the terminal bronchioles supply?

Answer 35

pulmonary lobule

Question 36

What are air sacs?

Answer 36

Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli arranged like a bunch of grapes

Question 37

how many alveoli are there per lung?

Answer 37

~150 million per lung

Question 38

what lines the alveolar walls?

Answer 38

simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

Question 39

what covers the external surface of alveoli?

Answer 39

a fine network of pulmonary capillaries

Question 40

alveolus are similar to what structure?

Answer 40

A pocket, one opening

Question 41

alveolus are covered by?

Answer 41

dense capillary network

Question 42

what forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier?

Answer 42

Type 1 squamous with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

Question 43

what is the purpose of type II cuboidal epithelium in the blood-air barrier?

Answer 43

Secrete surfactant

Question 44

What is surfactant?

Answer 44

a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 45

What structures form the respiratory membrane?

Answer 45

alveolus wall, fused basement membrane, capillary wall

Question 46

what is the structure of the alveoli?

Answer 46

type I pneumocystis form wall of alveoli and type II pneumocystis secrete surfactant

Question 47

Which cells remove debris from the alveoli?

Answer 47

macrophages