lecture 35

Question 1

what are the three regions of the epididymis?

Answer 1

head body tail

Question 2

where would you find a spermatogonia?

Answer 2

adjacent to the basement membrane within the seminiferous tubules

Question 3

why are the scrotum external to the body?

Answer 3

they are housed away from the body to maintain temp at ~34 degrees

Question 4

what lines the scrotum?

Answer 4

dartos muscle

Question 5

what does the cremaster muscle do?

Answer 5

contracts for heat conservation

Question 6

what happens when the dartos muscle contracts?

Answer 6

wrinkles or unwrinkles the ball sack to reduce or increase the surface area for heat transfer

Question 7

what runs between abdomen and testes?

Answer 7

the spermatic cord

Question 8

spermatic cord contains?

Answer 8

ductus deferens
blood vessels - testicular arteries and veins
nerves
lymphatics

Question 9

functions of the penis?

Answer 9

urination

copulation

Question 10

3 main regions of the penis?

Answer 10

root
body
glans (covered by foreskin)

Question 11

how many erectile tissues does the penis have?

Answer 11

three

Question 12

what are the erectile tissues of the penis?

Answer 12

two corpora cavernosa

one corpus spongiosum

Question 13

what are the corpora cavernosa?

Answer 13

main erectile tissue on the dorsal aspect

Question 14

what is the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 14

contains urethra and forms bulb and glans on the ventral aspect

Question 15

how are spermatozoa carried to female reproductive tract?

Answer 15

seminal fluid + spermatozoa

= semen

Question 16

seminal fluid is mostly produced by which accessory glands?

Answer 16

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

Question 17

seminal vesicles are two glands located where?

Answer 17

posterior to bladder and lateral to ampulla

Question 18

seminal vesicles produce what?

Answer 18

a viscous secretion that makes up 60% of semen and has an alkaline pH protection seem against acidic environment in urethra and vagina

Question 19

where is the prostate gland located?

Answer 19

inferior to bladder wrapping around prostatic urethra

Question 20

what kind of secretion does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 20

30% semen

slightly acidic, milky fluid with prostate-specific antigen

Question 21

what does prostate gland secretion activate?

Answer 21

sperm activation, viability and motility

Question 22

where are the bulbourethral glands located?

Answer 22

two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm

Question 23

where does the bulbourethral glands open into?

Answer 23

the spongy/penile urethra

Question 24

how much does the bulbourethral contribute to semen volume?

Answer 24

5% of semen volume

Question 25

what do bulbourethral secretions do?

Answer 25

lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation

Question 26

components of semen?

Answer 26

60% from seminal vesicles 30% from prostate 5% from bulbourethral glands 5% spermatozoa

Question 27

what is a vasectomy?

Answer 27

a surgical method of sterilisation in males

Question 28

What happens in a vasectomy?

Answer 28

the ductus deferens are tied or cauterised

Question 29

does a vasectomy affect seminal fluid?

Answer 29

no it does not affect production or volume of seminal fluid but there won't be any spermatozoa

Question 30

name of formation of the gametes?

Answer 30

spermatogenesis | oogenesis

Question 31

gamete formation is under what control?

Answer 31

hormonal control

Question 32

gametogenesis occurs via?

Answer 32

mitosis and meiosis

Question 33

meiosis produces gametes that are?

Answer 33

haploid, 23 chromosomes

Question 34

meiosis begins with?

Answer 34

diploid chromosomes

Question 35

what is spermatogenesis?

Answer 35

the process by which spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa

Question 36

when does spermatogenesis begin?

Answer 36

continuously from puberty onwards

Question 37

where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 37

seminiferous tubules

Question 38

how do spermatogonia divide?

Answer 38

by mitosis into two daughter cells

Question 39

what happens to type A spermatogonium?

Answer 39

stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule when mitosis occurs

Question 40

what happens to type B spermatogonia?

Answer 40

differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which undergoes Meiosis I to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

Question 41

what happens to the 2 secondary spermatocytes?

Answer 41

they undergo meiosis II to form spermatids

Question 42

what do spermatids differentiate into?

Answer 42

spermatozoa with a head, body and tail via spermiogenesis

Question 43

during spermiogenesis,a spermatid will form?

Answer 43

a spermatozoon

Question 44

what are the reproductive hormones?

Answer 44

GnRH LH FSH

Question 45

what is GnRH?

Answer 45

gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus

Question 46

what is LH?

Answer 46

luteinizing hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 47

What is FSH?

Answer 47

follicle stimulation hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by anterior pituitary

Question 48

hormones in males?

Answer 48

inhibin | testorone

Question 49

where is inhibin from?

Answer 49

nurse (steroli) cells

Question 50

where is testosterone produced?

Answer 50

interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells

Question 51

testosterone is a type of?

Answer 51

androgen which is a group of steroid hormones

Question 52

what is testosterone responsible for?

Answer 52

male characteristics like: maturation of sex organs spermatogenesis etc.

Question 53

what stimulates production of testosterone?

Answer 53

LH hormone

Question 54

which hormones control spermatogenesis?

Answer 54

FSH and testosterone

Question 55

production of FSH stimulates what?

Answer 55

inhibin

Question 56

What is the negative feedback loop for male reproductive hormones?

Answer 56

Inhibin suppresses FSH and testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH

Question 57

h

Answer 57

h