lecture 37

Question 1

name the layers of the uterine wall from outermost to innermost. which layer is shed during menstruation?

Answer 1

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium (shed)

Question 2

which artery associated with the female reproductive tract branches directly off the abdominal aorta? which ligament does it run through?

Answer 2

ovarian artery, runs through the suspensory ligament

Question 3

name the fingerlike projections on the infundibulum. what is their purpose?

Answer 3

fimbriae help guide the oocyte to the opening of the uterine tube

Question 4

ovary is the site of what?

Answer 4

oogenesis

Question 5

what is the most common site of fertilisation in humans?

Answer 5

ampulla

Question 6

what is oogenesis?

Answer 6

formation and development of the oocyte from oogonia

Question 7

what does oogenesis require?

Answer 7

mitosis and meiosis

Question 8

what is the cycle of ovulation?

Answer 8

1 ovulation every 28 days on average

Question 9

where do oocytes develop?

Answer 9

ovarian follicles

Question 10

when does oogenesis begin?

Answer 10

before birth, then it stops and begins again from puberty to menopause

Question 11

when the Ovary is developed and released what collects it?

Answer 11

the fimbriae of the uterine tube for potential fertilisation

Question 12

what is the corpus luteum?

Answer 12

a major endocrine organ

Question 13

what does the corpus luteum produce during the ovarian cycle?

Answer 13

progesterone

Question 14

what happens to the corpus luteum if it is not fertilised?

Answer 14

it breaks down and forms a corpus albicans which eventually degrades

Question 15

during mitosis the oogonium (stem cell forms)?

Answer 15

another oogonium and a primary oocyte

Question 16

what is the primary oocyte, diploid or haploid?

Answer 16

diploid, 2n

Question 17

the primary oocyte goes under DNA replication and forms what during meiosis I?

Answer 17

secondary oocyte (haploid) and a polar body

Question 18

what happens to the polar body that is produced during meiosis I?

Answer 18

may or may not complete meiosis II

Question 19

when is the secondary oocyte released?

Answer 19

during ovulation and specifically metaphase of meiosis II

Question 20

why is there a formation of a polar body and the secondary oocyte in meiosis I?

Answer 20

because there is unequal cell division and majority of the cytoplasm goes to the secondary oocyte

Question 21

population of oogonia increase by?

Answer 21

mitosis

Question 22

when does mitosis stop?

Answer 22

before birth

Question 23

oogonia differentiate to form?

Answer 23

primary oocytes

Question 24

where does meiosis halt? and where does it begin again?

Answer 24

primary oocytes start meiosis and halt at prophase I. It begins again at puberty

Question 25

at puberty females have how many oocytes?

Answer 25

~300 000

Question 26

what regulates number of follicles recruited each ovarian cycle?

Answer 26

GnRh

Question 27

how many oocytes will complete development and ovulate?

Answer 27

only one

Question 28

when does meiosis Ii resume?

Answer 28

sperm penetrates plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation

Question 29

what happens if secondary oocyte isn't fertilised?

Answer 29

will degenerate (atresia) and therefore never complete mitosis

Question 30

where does oocyte development occur?

Answer 30

within the developing follicle

Question 31

what are the cells of the follicles?

Answer 31

granulosa cells | theca cells

Question 32

what do granulosa cells produce?

Answer 32

estradiol

Question 33

during ovulation where are the oocyte and corona radiate released?

Answer 33

into the peritoneal cavity

Question 34

what hormones do the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 34

GnRh | gonadotrophin releasing hormone

Question 35

what hormones do the ant. pituitary produce?

Answer 35

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) | LH (luteinizing hormone)

Question 36

what hormones are produced in the ovarian follicles?

Answer 36

estradiol | inhibin

Question 37

what hormones are produced in the corpus luteum?

Answer 37

inhibin | progesterone

Question 38

functions of GnRH?

Answer 38

release of FHS and LH

Question 39

Function of FSH?

Answer 39

stimulate growth of ovarian follicles

Question 40

function of LH?

Answer 40

surge of LH involved in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

Question 41

function of estradiol?

Answer 41

``` assist follicle growth with FHS bone and muscle growth endometrial growth secondary sex characteristics feedback to ant. pituitary ```

Question 42

function of inhibin?

Answer 42

negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

Question 43

Function of progesterone?

Answer 43

negatively feeds back to suppress GnRh endometrial maturation maintains pregnant state

Question 44

what is the ovarian cycle?

Answer 44

the regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte for fertilisation and endometrium for embryo implantation

Question 45

two main phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 45

follicular phase | luteal phase

Question 46

what are the phases of the uterine cycle?

Answer 46

menstrual phase proliferative phase secretory phase

Question 47

menstrual cycles occur between?

Answer 47

menarche and menopause

Question 48

what is menarche?

Answer 48

first menstrual period and occurs at 12-13 years old

Question 49

what orchestrates menarche?

Answer 49

increase in sex steroid production by the gonads

Question 50

what is menopause?

Answer 50

cessation of menstruation

Question 51

when does menopause typically occur?

Answer 51

in early 50s

Question 52

describe menopause?

Answer 52

reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absence of or lack of response by follicles. there is no longer anterior pituitary feedback

Question 53

what hormones are high due to menopause?

Answer 53

FSH/LH due to no anterior pituitary feedback

Question 54

why do FHS levels begin to decrease during follicular phase?

Answer 54

because growing follicles secrete estradiol which reduces FSH via negative feedback

Question 55

dominant follicle secretes large amounts of what?

Answer 55

estradiol

Question 56

high estradiol stimulates what?

Answer 56

a surge of LH (positive feedback)

Question 57

what happens when the dominant follicle ruptures?

Answer 57

ovulation occurs and oocyte enters peritoneal space/ collected into uterine tube

Question 58

ovulated follicle collapse and forms?

Answer 58

corpus luteum

Question 59

what does the ovulated follicle and corpus luteum secrete? and what does this cause?

Answer 59

progesterone estradiole inhibin this causes decrease in FHS, LH and GnRH

Question 60

in which phase does the destruction of the endometrium take place?

Answer 60

menstrual phase

Question 61

what stimulates endometrial growth from days 6-14?

Answer 61

estradiol

Question 62

what does progesterone promote?

Answer 62

endometrial maturation

Question 63

what happens during endometrial maturation?

Answer 63

glands become secretory | spiral arterioles grow and coil

Question 64

what happens if fertilisation and implantation do not occur?

Answer 64

corpus luteum atrophies progesterone levels fall spiral arteries contract menstrual phase begins again