lecture 31

Question 1

Normal urine has how much water?

Answer 1

~1.5 L/Day

Question 2

how much % water is normal urine?

Answer 2

95-98%

Question 3

What is in normal urine?

Answer 3

water
creatine 
urea, uric acid 
H+, NH3
Na+, K+ 
Drugs 
toxins

Question 4

what is in pathologic urine?

Answer 4

glucose 
protein 
blood
haemoglobin 
leucocytes 
bacteria

Question 5

what is the condition when you have glucose in your urine?

Answer 5

glucosuria or diabetes

Question 6

what is the condition when you have protein in your urine?

Answer 6

proteinuria, damage to filtration barrier

Question 7

what is the condition when you have blood in your urine?

Answer 7

haematuria, UTI, damage to filtration barrier

Question 8

How should normal urine look?

Answer 8

clear, light or dark amber

Question 9

how should normal urine taste?

Answer 9

acidic (pH 5-6), not sweet

Question 10

pH of urine is dependent on?

Answer 10

diet, vegetarians have a higher pH

Question 11

how does pathological urine look?

Answer 11

golden, red, brown, blue

Question 12

how does pathologic urine taste?

Answer 12

sweet; diabetes

Question 13

How does pathologic urine smell?

Answer 13

like fruits; ketosis, diabetes, alcoholism

rotten; infection, tumour

Question 14

what is tested in urine analysis?

Answer 14

blood 
specific gravity 
glucose 
protein
pH

Question 15

main function of the kidney?

Answer 15

blood filtration

Question 16

other roles of the kidney?

Answer 16

gluconeogenesis  
metabolism 
regulate pH 
produce hormone (EPO)
excrete drugs and toxins 
reabsorb nutrients
ion and water homeostasis

Question 17

What stimulates the release of EPO?

Answer 17

low oxygen levels detected by kidney

Question 18

What is the role of EPO?

Answer 18

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

Question 19

What do chronic renal failure lead to?

Answer 19

Anaemia

low levels of red blood cells/haemoglobin

Question 20

what is metabolised in the kidney?

Answer 20

amino acids

Question 21

K+ is in high concentration in which part of the cell?

Answer 21

ICF

Question 22

K+ concentration is important for?

Answer 22

APs, rhythm generation in pacemaker cells, contractility, signalling

Question 23

Kidney failure to process K+ is Called?

Answer 23

Hyperkalemia (death)

Question 24

what is lidocaine?

Answer 24

local anaesthetic in a practice or hospital

Question 25

What property does a drug or toxin need to have to be excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 25

it has to be hydrophilic

Question 26

what is it called when you have a blood pH > 7.4?

Answer 26

alkalosis

Question 27

what is it called when you have a blood pH of <7.4?

Answer 27

acidosis

Question 28

how does vomiting change the blood pH?

Answer 28

it gets rid of all the gastric acid making it more alkaline

Question 29

how does diarrhoea change blood pH?

Answer 29

loss of bicarbonate makes system more acidic

Question 30

what is the main buffer of the blood?

Answer 30

bicarbonate

Question 31

what is the role of bicarbonate?

Answer 31

neutralising non-volatile acids coming from metabolism, food and drink

Question 32

how is bicarbonate concentration controlled?

Answer 32

bicarbonate is released from the lungs (exhalation of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption of bicarbonate or secretion of H+ ions

Question 33

what are the basic processes of the kidney?

Answer 33

filtration secretion re-absorption

Question 34

Filtration creates what in the blood?

Answer 34

a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

Question 35

what is reabsorbed from the urine?

Answer 35

useful solutes from the filtrate

Question 36

what is secreted by nephron?

Answer 36

additional wastes from blood to the filtrate

Question 37

where does filtration take place?

Answer 37

glomerulus

Question 38

where does bulk reabsorption take place?

Answer 38

proximal tubule

Question 39

where does fine tuning occur?

Answer 39

in the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 40

glucose is only reabsorbed where?

Answer 40

in the proximal tubule

Question 41

K+ is reabsorbed or secreted where?

Answer 41

different parts of the tubule

Question 42

How is penicillin mostly excreted?

Answer 42

active secretion

Question 43

the renal proximal tubule facilitates?

Answer 43

secretion of drugs and metabolites