lecture 38

Question 1

what is the definition of menarche?

Answer 1

the onset of menstrual cycle

Question 2

what is the definition of menopause?

Answer 2

the cessation of menstrual cycles

Question 3

GnRH from the hypothalamus directly regulates the secretion of?

Answer 3

LH and FSH

Question 4

During oogenesis, at what point of Meiosis II is the secondary oocyte suspended and what event cause the cell cycle to resume?

Answer 4

metaphase II; sperm penetration / fertilisation

Question 5

what is coitus?

Answer 5

sexual intercourse / copulation

Question 6

what happens during coitus?

Answer 6

erect penis introduced into vagina (intromission). semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)

Question 6

what happens during coitus?

Answer 6

erect penis introduced into vagina (intromission). semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)

Question 7

stages of the male sexual act?

Answer 7

erection
ejaculation
resolution

Question 8

what are the two phases of ejaculation?

Answer 8

emission

expulsion

Question 9

what nervous system regulates an erection?

Answer 9

parasympathetic

Question 10

what nervous system regulates ejaculation?

Answer 10

parasympathetic

Question 11

why does mucus secrete into the urethra?

Answer 11

clear out any remaining urine in the urethra

Question 12

what is emission?

Answer 12

seminal fluid and spermatozoa are transported into prostatic urethra

Question 13

what is resolution phase?

Answer 13

when the penis becomes flaccid

Question 14

what are the three parts of the penis?

Answer 14

root
body
glands

Question 15

what are/is the corpus cavernous?

Answer 15

the two main erectile tissue on the dorsal aspect of the penis

Question 16

what is the bulbospongiosus muscle?

Answer 16

muscle surrounding the bulb of the penis that is involved in erections

Question 17

what are the erectile tissues surrounded by?

Answer 17

different layers of fascia

Question 18

what is the purpose of the lacunae in the erectile tissue?

Answer 18

to fill up with blood during an erection

Question 19

what fascia surrounds the two corpus cavernosa?

Answer 19

tunica albuginea

Question 20

what fascia surrounds the corpus songiosum?

Answer 20

tunica albugenia

Question 21

what surrounds the entirety of the erectile tissues?

Answer 21

the deep (buck’s) fascia

Question 22

what surrounds the deep (buck’s) fascia?

Answer 22

superficial fascia

Question 23

what helps to maintain an erection?

Answer 23

the blood in the lacunae expands the erectile tissue which blocks the veins against the fascia

Question 24

what is the only part of the clitoris you can see externally?

Answer 24

the glans of the clitoris

Question 25

the structure of the clitoris and the penis share what?

Answer 25

developmental origins

Question 26

how is the clitoris similar to the penis?

Answer 26

tissues of clitoris are erectile

Question 27

blood supply to the penis?

Answer 27

abdominal aorta -> common iliac artery -> internal iliac artery -> internal pudendal artery

Question 28

what does the internal pudendal artery feed?

Answer 28

perineum and external genitalia

Question 29

branches to the penis of the internal pudendal artery include?

Answer 29

artery to bulb urethral artery dorsal artery deep (cavernosal) artery

Question 30

what supplies the blood for an erection?

Answer 30

the deep artery

Question 31

what type of nerves is the penis innervated by?

Answer 31

sensory and motor nerves

Question 32

what are sensory fibres in the penis responsive to?

Answer 32

touch pressure temperature

Question 33

what does the pudendal nerve supply?

Answer 33

sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia including penis

Question 34

autonomic innervation to penis is derived from?

Answer 34

pelvic plexus

Question 35

what happens when the PSNS stimulates an erection?

Answer 35

production of nitric oxide (vasodilator) by deep arteries which causes dilation and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa

Question 36

what happens during SNS activation of the penis?

Answer 36

ejaculation: | smooth muscle contracts in the reproductive ducts and accessory glands

Question 37

what happens during somatic motor activation during ejaculation?

Answer 37

stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis

Question 38

what is an erection a response of?

Answer 38

stimulation of genital region, particularly glans | visual, mental and other stimuli

Question 39

stimulation of the bulbourethral gland during erection allows?

Answer 39

secretion of bulbourethral fluid which cleans any residual urine in the urethra

Question 40

emission is what kind of response?

Answer 40

sympathetic

Question 41

what happens during emission?

Answer 41

smooth muscle of ductus deferens contract to move sperm into ampulla (peristaltic) smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into urethra

Question 42

what activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes during expulsion?

Answer 42

semen in urethra

Question 43

what happens during expulsion?

Answer 43

urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor muscles contract which causes semen to be ejected

Question 44

what happens during resolution period?

Answer 44

blood flow to penis is reduced and penis becomes flaccid

Question 45

what is detumescent?

Answer 45

flaccid penis

Question 46

what is the first stage of the female sexual response?

Answer 46

engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation

Question 47

what is the response of the vaginal wall during sex?

Answer 47

lubricating fluid is secreted through vaginal wall and secretion of mucus into vestibule

Question 48

what happens to vagina and uterus in response to sex?

Answer 48

increase in width and length of vagina, uterus elevates upward

Question 49

what is the response of vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles during sex?

Answer 49

rhythmic contractions

Question 50

what is insemination?

Answer 50

semen released into upper part of vagina

Question 51

where does sperm travel to for fertilisation?

Answer 51

the ampulla in the uterine tube

Question 52

what happens when sperm reaches the ampulla?

Answer 52

sperm fuses with secondary oocyte which then goes onto complete meiosis II and form a zygote

Question 53

what happens to the zygote after formation?

Answer 53

initiates cleavage and travels toward the uterus for implantation

Question 54

what is contraception?

Answer 54

any method used to prevent pregnancy

Question 55

what are the two types of contraception methods?

Answer 55

natural | artificial

Question 56

what are natural methods of contraception?

Answer 56

rhythm method | withdrawal method

Question 57

what is the rhythm method?

Answer 57

where the female avoids sex in the days leading up to and after ovulation.

Question 58

what are natural methods?

Answer 58

rely on timing of coitus or behaviour during coitus. which is why it has a high failure rate

Question 59

what is lactational infertility?

Answer 59

when a female is breastfeeding they usually do not have periods. which means it delays resumption of normal ovarian menstrual cycles

Question 60

what is the cap barrier method of contraception?

Answer 60

a device that is inserted before sex that acts as a barrier

Question 61

what do caps and diaphragms have to be used in conjunction with?

Answer 61

spermicidal foams / jellies / creams / sponges

Question 62

what are the benefits of condoms?

Answer 62

cheap readily available easy to use reduce risk of STIs

Question 63

what is the combined oral contraceptive pills?

Answer 63

contain oestrogen and progestin which suppress ovulation and affect mucus produced by cervix which prevents sperm penetration

Question 64

what is the profession only contraception?

Answer 64

progesterone-only pill subnormal Implant / injectable pogestins intrauterine devices

Question 65

what does the progesterone only pill do?

Answer 65

low does of progestin which effects on cervical mucus

Question 66

what is the subdermal implant?

Answer 66

long acting and acts primarily by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation

Question 67

what are the intrauterine devices?

Answer 67

Copper IUD | hormonal IUD

Question 68

what does the hormonal IUD do?

Answer 68

contains progesterone which affects cervical mucus and reducing sperm transport. they may also prevent ovulation

Question 69

what does the copper IUD do?

Answer 69

cause low grade inflammation which reduces sperm transport. It is also toxic to oocyte and zygotes

Question 70

what is tubal ligation?

Answer 70

cut uterine tubes

Question 71

what is a vasectomy?

Answer 71

cut vas deferens

Question 72

what is the technical term for not being able to achieve an erection?

Answer 72

erectile dysfunction