lecture 8

Question 1

Arterial blood flows in which direction?

Answer 1

Arterial blood flows away from the heart

Question 2

Venous blood flows in which direction?

Answer 2

Venous blood flows toward the heart

Question 3

Which contracts first atria ventricles?

Answer 3

Atria

Question 4

Tricuspid and mitral valves control flow between?

Answer 4

the atria and ventricles

Question 5

Aortic and pulmonary control flow from?

Answer 5

the ventricles out to the circulatory vessels

Question 6

How many myocytes are activated during each heart beat?

Answer 6

Every myocyte is activated

Question 7

How can you increase force of a cardiac contraction?

Answer 7

Increase cystolic Ca2+ level
increase number of cross-bridges formed
increase force of contraction

Question 8

Cellular mechanism of cardiac relaxation?

Answer 8

Decrease in cystolic Ca2+ levels, pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
ATP binds to myosin to release cross bridges
All cardiomyocytes relax

Question 9

What is the name of the circuit that sends oxygen-rich blood back to the tissues of the body and brings oxygen-poor blood back to the heart?

Answer 9

Systemic circuit

Question 10

Which circuit has the least resistance?

Answer 10

pulmonary circuit

Question 11

Q=P/R

Answer 11

flow = pressure difference / resistance

Question 12

Which circuit has a higher arterial pressure?

Answer 12

Systemic

Question 13

High blood pressure is called?

Answer 13

Hypertension

Question 14

Low blood pressure is called?

Answer 14

Hypotension

Question 15

Diastole is when?

Answer 15

Heart muscle relaxes and the chambers of the heart fill with blood, blood pressure decreases.
the mitral and tricuspid valves are open

Question 16

Systole is when?

Answer 16

Period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart and blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 17

CO2 is removed at the?

Answer 17

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 18

Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation drains from?

Answer 18

The superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs

Question 19

Oxygenated blood travels from?

Answer 19

The lungs in the pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> periphery

Question 20

How are cardiomyocytes connected physically?

Answer 20

Intercalated discs

Question 21

Which junctions help for better spread of calcium?

Answer 21

Gap junctions directly connect cells cytoplasm which allows currents to move between adjacent cells

Question 22

The direct connection between cardiac cells allow?

Answer 22

The heart to pump as a functional synctium

Question 23

what are the key phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 23

Atrial systole 
isovolumetric contricular contraction
ventricular ejection
Isovolumetricular ejection 
Ventricular diastole

Question 24

During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the largest spike in pressure?

Answer 24

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 25

What does isovolumetric mean?

Answer 25

The valves are closed so there is no gain or loss of blood but the heart is contracting or relaxing

Question 26

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 26

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Question 27

What are systolic and diastolic pressure?

Answer 27

systolic is the highest point of the systole phase and diastolic is the lowest point of diastole phase

Question 28

Which valves are open and/or closed during atrial systole?

Answer 28

Av valves are open and the ventricle and atria are filling but the semilunar valves are closed

Question 29

Which valves are open or closed during isovolumetric contraction?

Answer 29

Av valves and semilunar valves are closed and the ventricles are contracting

Question 30

Which valves are open or closed during ventricular ejection?

Answer 30

Semilunar valves are open, Av valves are closed

Question 31

Which valves are open or closed during isovolumetric contricular relaxation?

Answer 31

Semilunar and AV valves are shut

Question 32

Which valves are open or closed during passive filling?

Answer 32

AV valves are open but semilunar valves are closed.

Question 33

What causes the aortic valves to open?

Answer 33

When the ventricular pressure exceeds the aortic pressure

Question 34

Which phase of the cardiac cycle has the biggest pressure spike?

Answer 34

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 35

Name the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 35

``` Atrial systole Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection isovolumetric contricular relaxation ventricular diastole ```