lecture 30

Question 1

what type of epithelial cells would you find in the nephron loop?

Answer 1

Cuboidal with microvilli brush border at PCT and simple squamous cuboidal with a few microvilli at DCT

Question 2

name the two capillary beds associated with the nephron?

Answer 2

glomerular and peritubular

Question 3

which type of nephron is important for the production of concentrated urine?

Answer 3

juxtamedullary

Question 4

What type of epithelium is in the bladder?

Answer 4

transitional epithelium

Question 5

What is transitional epithelium?

Answer 5

stratified rounded cells that flatten when stretched

Question 6

what is the purpose of stratified rounded epithelium in the bladder?

Answer 6

for protection. so urine does not leak into underlying tissue when stretched

Question 7

How many ureters do you have?

Answer 7

2

Question 8

Where do the ureters arise from?

Answer 8

the renal pelvis at each hilum

Question 9

What is the role of ureters?

Answer 9

carry urine from kidneys to bladder

Question 10

what helps move urine to bladder?

Answer 10

peristaltic waves

Question 11

what are the three layers of the ureter?

Answer 11

transitional epithelium forming mucosa
muscular (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
Adventitia (outer covering, fibrous tissue)

Question 12

Is the muscularis of the ureter the same as the GI tract?

Answer 12

No it is swapped around. in the GI tract it is an inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 13

How do ureters enter the bladder?

Answer 13

run obliquely through the wall of the bladder at the posterolateral corners

Question 14

How does the bladder act as a sphincter/valve?

Answer 14

when bladder expands the wall begins to compress on the ureter to prevent back flow

Question 15

what is the role of the urinary bladder?

Answer 15

collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

Question 16

What happens to the bladder when it is empty?

Answer 16

collapses along folds called rugae

Question 17

how much can the bladder expand to when full?

Answer 17

~500mL

Question 18

what is the role of the urethra?

Answer 18

carries urine out of the bladder?

Question 19

Why is the bladder wall made of muscle?

Answer 19

to expel urine

Question 20

what is the trigone?

Answer 20

triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra

Question 21

what happens as the bladder fills?

Answer 21

becomes more spherical
expands superiors into abdominal cavity
can be palpated (felt) above pubic symphysis

Question 22

What shape is an empty bladder and where does it lie?

Answer 22

pyramidal and lies within the pelvis

Question 23

where is the female bladder located?

Answer 23

anterior to vagina and uterus

Question 24

Where is the male bladder located?

Answer 24

anterior to rectum. Superior to prostate gland

Question 25

Structure of the bladder wall?

Answer 25

folded into rugae mucosa of transitional epithelium which smooth muscle layer called detrusor

Question 26

What is the detrusor?

Answer 26

longitudinal, circular and oblique smooth muscle fibres that contract to expel urine from bladder into urethra during urination

Question 27

name three structures that protect the urinary tract?

Answer 27

transitional epithelium protein plaques entrance to bladder preventing backflow

Question 28

name the muscle that forms the wall of the bladder and its function?

Answer 28

detrusor muscle to expel urine

Question 29

How does the epithelium change in the urethra?

Answer 29

from transitional near bladder then columnar then stratified squamous near opening

Question 30

What protects epithelium from urine?

Answer 30

mucus glands

Question 31

What are the differences between female and male bladder?

Answer 31

Females is ~5x shorter and seperate from reproductive system while the males is

Question 32

The initial section of the male urethra is surrounded by?

Answer 32

The prostate gland

Question 33

what are the three regions of the male urethra?

Answer 33

prostatic membranous spongy/penile

Question 34

what are the two urethral sphincters?

Answer 34

internal and external

Question 35

What is the difference between the internal and external urethral sphincter?

Answer 35

Internal is at junction of bladder and urethra and is made of detrusor muscle, involuntary control the external is distal and made of skeletal under voluntary control

Question 36

What controls urgency of urination?

Answer 36

expansion of bladder is detected by stretch receptors which increase in frequency with filling

Question 37

name three places in the urinary tract you would find transitional epithelium?

Answer 37

ureters urinary bladder initial part of urethra