Lecture 15

Question 1

What are the goals of science?

Answer 1

Understand, describe, explain, predict

Question 2

What are the two types of approaches?

Answer 2

1. Correlational
2. Cause-Effect

Question 3

Explain:

Correlational Approach

Answer 3

Whether two variables are related/correlated to one another (e.x. Blood pressure and cups of coffee relationship)

Question 4

True or False:

If I cannot state the effect of cups of coffee on blood pressure, it is a correlational relationship

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Explain:

Cause-Effect Approach

Answer 5

Two groups, finding that changing one group has a direct effect on the other (E.x. coffee consumers and non-coffee consumers, seeing their blood pressures)

Question 6

Define:

Empiricism

Answer 6

Verification via observation

Question 7

Define:

Hypothesis

Answer 7

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

Question 8

True or False:

Studies do not have to have hypothesis

Answer 8

If they do not, it is a bad study as the design of the study is not based on good theory

Question 9

Define:

Independent and Dependent variables

Answer 9

• Dependent: Measured, change in dependent is assumed to be a result of change in independent variable
• Independent: Manipulated by the experimenter; to observe cause-effect change, observe effects of independent on dependent

Question 10

True or False:

There can be multiple independent and dependent variables

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Explain the cafe wall illusion

Answer 11

An irradiation illusion
* Brighter colours have more scattering at back of eye, covering more area at back of eye
* Causes brighter areas to look larger, when contrasted with dark areas, makes borders look wavy

Question 12

Define:

Superior colliculus

Answer 12

At back of brain stem, vital for eye movement

Question 13

Describe how the superior colliculus functions

Answer 13

• Has retinotopic mapping
• Each point in the visual field has a specific point dedicated in the superior colliculus

Question 14

What is the function of the retinotectal pathway?

Answer 14

Controls prosaccades

Question 15

Describe:

The retinotectal pathway

Answer 15

1. Visual stimulus
2. Retina
3. Superior Colliculus
4. Brain Stem
5. Eye

Question 16

Describe:

The antisaccade pathway

Answer 16

1. Visual stimulus
2. Retina
3. Superior Colliculus
4. Pulvinar
5. WHOLE BUNCH OF BRAIN REGIONS

Question 17

Why is antisaccade reaction time increased?

Answer 17

• Increased complexity of pathway
• Require suppression of prosaccade, an executively demanding task (allowing assessment of executive function)

Question 18

Antisaccade tasks require a lot of activity from from which cortex?

Answer 18

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

(Supports to suppression of prosaccades)

Question 19

Describe:

Symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 19

• Hard to tell thedifference between what is real and not real
• Difficult to think clearly
• Hard to have normal emotional responses
• Adhere to typical social norms

Question 20

What does the brain look like in a schizophrenic patient?

Answer 20

There’s enlarged ventricles - a sign of brain atrophy

Question 21

How does schizophrenia manifest on antisaccade tests?

Answer 21

People with schizophrenia produce more antisaccade directional errors (30-70%) than healthy controls

Question 22

True or False:

Sibilings of individuals with schizophrenia also make lots of errors in antisaccade tasks

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is thought to contribute to schizophrenia?

Answer 23

Overactive DLPFC (seen in fMRI) when performing antisaccade task