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My Packs: (UWO) (KIN 1080) > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of motor learning?

(Fitts and Posner) (1967)

A
  1. Cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage
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2
Q

What was proposed in terms of moving through the stages?

(Fitts and Posner) (1967)

A

Moving through the stages is not discrete, progressed through on a continuum

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3
Q

List:

  1. What is cognitive stage
  2. Characteristics
A

Early stage of motor learning
* Characterized by high degree of cognitive activity
* Attentional demands high, limited to movement production

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4
Q

What are characteristics in the motion during cognitive stage?

A
  • Due to cortical control, not efficient
  • Movements lack synchronization and appear choppy and deliberate
  • Numerous errors, typically gross in nature
  • Lacks capability to determine cause of errors or correct them
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5
Q

What does it mean for an error to be “gross” in nature?

A

Involves entire body in the error

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6
Q

True or False:

Cortical control causes movement to not be efficient

A

True

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7
Q

In the cognitive stage, what is required to help correct movement errors?

A

Clinician/coach to help, as people typically don’t know what they are doing wrong

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8
Q

List:

  1. What is associative stage
  2. Characteristics (5)
A

An intermediary stage
* More consistent movement pattern
* Attentional demands for movement production decrease
* Fewer, less gross errors
* Better at detecting cause of errors
* Begin to develop appropriate error correction strategies

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9
Q

In the associative stage, what is happening to the task in the brain?

A

Moving from cortical to a cerebellar in activity

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10
Q

What is the result of cortical to cerebellar movement of task?

A

Start to be able to do things semi-consciously

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11
Q

List:

  1. What is autonomous stage
  2. Characteristics (3)
A

Highest level of proficiency, not reached by all learners
* Attention reallocated to strategic decision-making
* Consistent
* Confident

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12
Q

In autonomous stage, where is the action primarily mediated by?

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

True or False:

In autonomous stage of motor-learning, errors are made

A

True, errors can still be made, but fewer and can generally detect and correct those errors that do occur

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14
Q

Define:

Closed-loop control

A

How we use our sensory systems to control decisions

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15
Q

What are our sensory systems?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Proprioception
  3. Vestibular
  4. Somatosensory (touch information)
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16
Q

What is the general structure of a closed-loop control?

A
  1. Reference Mechanism
  2. Executive Level
  3. Effector Level
  4. Environment

Feedback loop connects environment to reference mechanism

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17
Q

What are the pathways for closed-loop control in vision?

A
  1. Geniculostriate pathway
  2. Retinotectal pathway
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18
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

What is a visual stimulus depicted by?

A

Retina

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19
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Where does visual information get projected?

A

Thalamus
* Specifically, the seeing part called the LGN (Lateral geniculate nucleus)
* Looks like a bent knee

20
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

What is the geniculostriate pathway exactly?

A

The pathway from LGN to V1

21
Q

True or False:

Geniculostriate pathway is the main pathway that information gets to the primary visual cortex in humans

A

True

22
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Where can V1 project to?

A
  1. Inferior Temporal Lobe/Inferotemporal Cortex
  2. Posterior Parietal Cortex
23
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Describe the visual pathway from V1 to the Inferior Temporal Lobe

A

Visual pathway that supports our ability to perceive objects
* A visuoperceptual pathway (e.x. allows us to differentiate apples and oranges)

24
Q

What is the V1 to Inferior Temporal Lobe visual pathway known as?

A

Ventral Visual Pathway

25
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Describe the visual pathway from V1 to the Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

Visual pathway that supports our ability to move in response to stimulus
* An action pathway (e.x. allows us to move)

26
Q

What is the V1 to Posterior Parietal Cortex visual pathway known as?

A

Dorsal Visual Pathway

27
Q

What does PAM mean?

A

Perception/Action Model

28
Q

True or False:

An individual conscious/aware when using the geniculostriate pathway

A

True

29
Q

Describe:

Retinotectal Pathway

A

An older and simple pathway, has less neuron connections thus less synapses

30
Q

In the retinotectal pathway:

Visual stimulus is depicted by the…

A

Retina

31
Q

In the retinotectal pathway:

Where is visual information projected to from the retina?

A

Superior colliculus

32
Q

In the retinotectal pathway:

Where does the superior colliculus extend to?

A

Brain stem

33
Q

The brain stem contains what type of neurons? What does this allow in terms of sight?

A

Contains alpha motor neurons
* Allows eye movements
* Allows for action to occur rapidly, basically automatically

34
Q

True or False:

The retinotectal pathway is mediated consciously

A

False, it is mediated subcortically, meaning it is not conscious

35
Q

Can hand movements be controlled by the retinotectal pathway?

A

Yes

36
Q

What is at the back of the eye?

A

The retina, the photoreceptive layer

37
Q

What is the goal of the retina?

A

Take photons (light), make it into bioelectrical signals that can be interpreted by the CNS

38
Q

What type of cells are present on the retina?

A

Rods and Cones

39
Q

Describe:

Rod cells (6)

A
  • Achromatic (no colour information)
  • Equally dispersed about the retina (same number in peripheral and central vision)
  • Low spatial resolution
  • Respond to low light levels
  • Provides night vision
  • Scotopic vision
40
Q

Describe:

Cone cells (5)

A
  • Chromatic
  • Largely located in the centre of the retina (central vision/foveal vision)
  • High spatial resolution
  • Do not operate in low light levels
  • Photopic vision
41
Q

What are the types of cone cells?

A
  1. L-cones
  2. M-cones
  3. S-cones
42
Q

How do the types of cone cells differ?

A

Operate at certain wavelengths

43
Q

State:

The wavelengths that the different cone cells operate

A
  1. L-cones: Red wavelengths
  2. M-cones: Green wavelengths
  3. S-cones: Blue wavelengths
44
Q

How can colour blindness be acquired?

A

Acquired after closed head injury, to ventral visual pathway

45
Q

What is acquired color blindness called?

A

Achromatopsia

46
Q

What does a patient with achromatopsia see?

A

Things appear grayish in colour

My Packs: (UWO) (KIN 1080) (27 decks)

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