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My Packs: UWO (KIN 1080) > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of motor learning?

(Fitts and Posner) (1967)

A
  1. Cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage
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2
Q

What was proposed in terms of moving through the stages?

(Fitts and Posner) (1967)

A

Moving through the stages is not discrete, progressed through on a continuum

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3
Q

List:

  1. What is cognitive stage
  2. Characteristics
A

Early stage of motor learning
* Characterized by high degree of cognitive activity
* Attentional demands high, limited to movement production

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4
Q

What are characteristics in the motion during cognitive stage?

A
  • Due to cortical control, not efficient
  • Movements lack synchronization and appear choppy and deliberate
  • Numerous errors, typically gross in nature
  • Lacks capability to determine cause of errors or correct them
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5
Q

What does it mean for an error to be “gross” in nature?

A

Involves entire body in the error

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6
Q

True or False:

Cortical control causes movement to not be efficient

A

True

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7
Q

In the cognitive stage, what is required to help correct movement errors?

A

Clinician/coach to help, as people typically don’t know what they are doing wrong

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8
Q

List:

  1. What is associative stage
  2. Characteristics (5)
A

An intermediary stage
* More consistent movement pattern
* Attentional demands for movement production decrease
* Fewer, less gross errors
* Better at detecting cause of errors
* Begin to develop appropriate error correction strategies

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9
Q

In the associative stage, what is happening to the task in the brain?

A

Moving from cortical to a cerebellar in activity

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10
Q

What is the result of cortical to cerebellar movement of task?

A

Start to be able to do things semi-consciously

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11
Q

List:

  1. What is autonomous stage
  2. Characteristics (3)
A

Highest level of proficiency, not reached by all learners
* Attention reallocated to strategic decision-making
* Consistent
* Confident

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12
Q

In autonomous stage, where is the action primarily mediated by?

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

True or False:

In autonomous stage of motor-learning, errors are made

A

True, errors can still be made, but fewer and can generally detect and correct those errors that do occur

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14
Q

Define:

Closed-loop control

A

How we use our sensory systems to control decisions

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15
Q

What are our sensory systems?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Proprioception
  3. Vestibular
  4. Somatosensory (touch information)
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16
Q

What is the general structure of a closed-loop control?

A
  1. Reference Mechanism
  2. Executive Level
  3. Effector Level
  4. Environment

Feedback loop connects environment to reference mechanism

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17
Q

What are the pathways for closed-loop control in vision?

A
  1. Geniculostriate pathway
  2. Retinotectal pathway
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18
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

What is a visual stimulus depicted by?

A

Retina

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19
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Where does visual information get projected?

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A

Thalamus
* Specifically, the seeing part called the LGN (Lateral geniculate nucleus)
* Looks like a bent knee

20
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

What is the geniculostriate pathway exactly?

Study These Flashcards
A

The pathway from LGN to V1

21
Q

True or False:

Geniculostriate pathway is the main pathway that information gets to the primary visual cortex in humans

22
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Where can V1 project to?

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A
  1. Inferior Temporal Lobe/Inferotemporal Cortex
  2. Posterior Parietal Cortex
23
Q

In the geniculostriate pathway:

Describe the visual pathway from V1 to the Inferior Temporal Lobe

Study These Flashcards
A

Visual pathway that supports our ability to perceive objects
* A visuoperceptual pathway (e.x. allows us to differentiate apples and oranges)

24
Q

What is the V1 to Inferior Temporal Lobe visual pathway known as?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ventral Visual Pathway

25
# In the geniculostriate pathway: Describe the visual pathway from V1 to the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Visual pathway that supports our ability to move in response to stimulus * An action pathway (e.x. allows us to move)
26
What is the V1 to Posterior Parietal Cortex visual pathway known as?
Dorsal Visual Pathway
27
What does PAM mean?
Perception/Action Model
28
# True or False: An individual conscious/aware when using the geniculostriate pathway
True
29
# Describe: Retinotectal Pathway
An older and simple pathway, has less neuron connections thus less synapses
30
# In the retinotectal pathway: Visual stimulus is depicted by the...
Retina
31
# In the retinotectal pathway: Where is visual information projected to from the retina?
Superior colliculus
32
# In the retinotectal pathway: Where does the superior colliculus extend to?
Brain stem
33
The brain stem contains what type of neurons? What does this allow in terms of sight?
Contains alpha motor neurons * Allows eye movements * Allows for action to occur rapidly, basically automatically
34
# True or False: The retinotectal pathway is mediated consciously
False, it is mediated subcortically, meaning it is not conscious
35
Can hand movements be controlled by the retinotectal pathway?
Yes
36
What is at the back of the eye?
The retina, the photoreceptive layer
37
What is the goal of the retina?
Take photons (light), make it into bioelectrical signals that can be interpreted by the CNS
38
What type of cells are present on the retina?
Rods and Cones
39
# Describe: Rod cells (6)
* Achromatic (no colour information) * Equally dispersed about the retina (same number in peripheral and central vision) * Low spatial resolution * Respond to low light levels * Provides night vision * Scotopic vision
40
# Describe: Cone cells (5)
* Chromatic * Largely located in the centre of the retina (central vision/foveal vision) * High spatial resolution * Do not operate in low light levels * Photopic vision
41
What are the types of cone cells?
1. L-cones 2. M-cones 3. S-cones
42
How do the types of cone cells differ?
Operate at certain wavelengths
43
# State: The wavelengths that the different cone cells operate
1. L-cones: Red wavelengths 2. M-cones: Green wavelengths 3. S-cones: Blue wavelengths
44
How can colour blindness be acquired?
Acquired after closed head injury, to ventral visual pathway
45
What is acquired color blindness called?
Achromatopsia
46
What does a patient with achromatopsia see?
Things appear grayish in colour

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