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My Packs: (UWO) (KIN 1080) > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe:

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Everything anterior of central sulcus
  • Largest lobe, about 1/3 of the cerebral cortex
  • Matures and develops until the person is in late 20s
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2
Q

Define:

Synaptic pruning

A

Getting rid of connections, establishing what connections it should keep up until early 20s

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3
Q

Why is synaptic pruning done?

A

Keeps brain as effective as it can

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4
Q

True or False:

When you’re in your 30’s, you lose about 1% of your neurons/year

A

True

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5
Q

What is the decrease in neurons in the frontal lobe associated with?

A

Cognitive decline when people reach 60’s and 70’s

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6
Q

List:

Key features of frontal lobe

A

Betz cells/giant motor neuron in Layer V
Primary motor cortex (M1)
Associative motor areas

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7
Q

What are the key roles of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Important for motor output to central spinal cord
  • Plays a key role in executive function, a high level cognitive construct
  • Seat of consciousness, seat of human awareness, seat of “self”
  • Specialized for metacognition - thinking about thinking (aware that we can think, ability to recognize that we are thinking)
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8
Q

What is a tell-tale sign of a frontal lobe stroke?

A

They may tell you they don’t feel like themselves (different personality etc.)

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9
Q

Define:

Metacognition

A

Thinking about thinking (being aware that we can think and we are thinking)

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10
Q

State:

Composition of frontal lobe executive function

A

Inhibitory control
Working memory
Cognitive flexibility

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11
Q

True or False:

Inhibitory control develops last

A

False, inhibitory control develops at 2-3 years of age and has to be mastered before others

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12
Q

What is inhibitory control?

A

Ability to inhibit a planned response, or suppress a planned response

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13
Q

When does working memory emerge?

A

At 3-5 years of age

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14
Q

Define:

Working memory

A

Ability to mentally organize and arrange, a fleeting memory system

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15
Q

Define:

Cognitive flexibility

A

The ability to task switch

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16
Q

What will frontal lobe lesions cause?

A

Cause executive dysfunction

17
Q

True or False:

Executive dysfunction is the most characteristic symptom of concussions

A

True

18
Q

What does DLPFC stand for? What is its purpose?

A

Dorsalateral Prefrontal Cortex
Where inhibitory control happen, has inhibitory neurons

19
Q

List:

The 2 early indications of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Cognitive Impairment Not Dementia

20
Q

What are early indications of Alzheimer’s Disease known as?

A

Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease

21
Q

Describe:

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

A

Persons with an objective cognitive impairment and a self-reported subjective cognitive complaint

22
Q

Describe:

Cognitive Impairment Not Dementia

A

Persons with no objective cognitive impairment but reporting a subjective cognitive complaint

23
Q

True or False:

MCI is less severe than Cognitive Impairment No Dementia

A

False, MCI is more severe

24
Q

How are objective impairments evaluated in MCI?

A

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)

25
Q

Describe:

MMSE

A

Mini-Mental State Examination: Simple Questions
* Greater than 18, less than 24 is indication of MCI

MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment

26
Q

Describe:

MOCA

A

Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Draw line connecting circles, name animals etc.
* More sophisticated task
* 25 or less is indication of MCI

MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment

27
Q

How much is normal cognitive decline

A

Very gradual (1% every year)

28
Q

How does cognitive decline gradually decline?

A

Progresses to CIND and MCI, eventually Alzheimer’s disease and the loss of neurons is very rapid

29
Q

What do dark areas on an MRI mean?

A

Loss of neural tissue

30
Q

What is necessary to maintain proper brain health?

A
  • Exercise
  • Sleep
  • Social Life
31
Q

What does exercise promote?

A

Neurogenesis (Neuron generation)

32
Q

What does exercise and neurogenesis support?

A

Supports executive function

33
Q

How is executive function measured?

A

Oculomotor task

34
Q

Describe:

Oculomotor task

A
  • A dot is shown on the screen
  • A target is shown on the screen
  • Different tasks are performed (prosaccade and antisaccade)
35
Q

Define:

Prosaccade task
Antisaccade task

A
  • Prosaccade task: Eye moves directly to target
  • Antisaccade task: Eye move opposite direction to the target
36
Q

True or False:

Prosaccade task is an executive function

A

False, prosaccade tasks are not executive function

37
Q

True or False:

Inhibition of an antisaccade task is an executively demanding task

A

False, inhibiting a PROSACCADE task is executively demanding task

38
Q

True or False:

Prosaccade reaction times are always less than antisaccade reaction

If true, list the reaction time and reason why this is

A

True, around 0.75 seconds for prosaccade as inhibitory control is time consuming

39
Q

Lab Question:

In a group doing aerobic and resistance exercise for 6 months, both groups showed decrease in antisaccade reaction time. How is this shown? What does this prove?

A
  • Oculomotor motor assessment: Decrease in antisaccade time
  • MOCA and MMSE: Increased performance
  • Conclusion: Exercise can improve mental function in people with MCI

MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment

My Packs: (UWO) (KIN 1080) (27 decks)

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