Lecture 22

Question 1

What accounts for mismatch between stimuli and is involved in conflict resolution?

Answer 1

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) in the frontal cortex

Question 2

What is responsible for the orientation of attention?

Answer 2

Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG) in the frontal cortex

Question 3

What is the seat of inhibitory control and executive function?

Answer 3

Dosolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) in the frontal cortex

Question 4

In order to provide a non-standard response on the Stroop task, what areas must have high level of activation?

Answer 4

• Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
• Middle frontal gyrus (MFG)
• Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 5

What happens on the non-standard response when the individual has decreased activation in the key areas?

Answer 5

Higher errors and poor performances

Question 6

For response programming:

What does Henry and Rogers (1960) show?

Answer 6

Reaction time is influenced by the number of sequences that needs to be performed
* Suggests that we develop a motor program before we make a movement

Question 7

Define:

Attention

Answer 7

“Focalization and limitation of information processing resources”

Question 8

True or False:

Attention has a limited capacity system

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is change blindness?

Answer 9

The phenomenon where we are poor at detecting gradual changes

Question 10

What detects sudden changes and directs your attention to the unexpected stimulus?

Answer 10

Superior colliculus

Question 11

What type of stimulus is an unexpected/sudden change known as?

Answer 11

Exogeneous stimulus

Question 12

What type of stimulus is a gradual change known as?

Answer 12

Endogenous stimulus

Question 13

What does endogenous stimulus involve? What does this result in?

Answer 13

Entails voluntary capture, requires high-level cortical control, which is really bad at capturing gradual change

Question 14

True or False:

Attention has to be conscious

Answer 14

False, attention does not have to be conscious it can be involuntary (as shown in Neisser’s skin shock experiment)

Question 15

What are two elements of attention?

Answer 15

1. Attention as a single resource, with limited capacity
2. Not fixed capacity, can change with expertise of the individual

Question 16

State:

The Early Theory of Attention

Answer 16

Presumes that we have a filter, existing before the stimulus identification stage of information processing

Question 17

What does the early theory of attention imply?

Answer 17

• Only one of the information stimuli can get into the information processing
• Processed in a serial and discrete fashion

Question 18

Are there exceptions to the early theory of attention?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

State:

The Late Theory of Attention

Answer 19

Presumes the filter occurs between the stimulus identification and response selection

Question 20

What does the late theory of attention imply?

Answer 20

• All stimulus can be received by stimulus identification (parallel processing)
• Filter allows only one of the stimuli to gain access to the response selection and response programming stage

Question 21

What is parallel processing?

Answer 21

Process multiple stimuli at the same time

Question 22

What is the psychological refractory period (PRP)?

Answer 22

When two stimulus occurs at a certain temporal proximity, the RT to the second stimulus is substantially longer than the RT to the first