Lecture 21 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Define:
SNARC effect
Spatial Numerical Associations of Response Codes
* How we represent numbers
How is the SNARC effect shown in writing numbers?
- Most people: Write a number line (ascending) horizontally from left to right
- More artistic people: Writes the number in a pyramidal structure and/or vertically
True or False:
One factor in the SNARC effect is country of origin
True
In a study, how is it shown that we act to numbers?
- If numbers 1 or 2 show up, we move faster to the left
- If numbers 8 or 9 show up, we move faster to the right
True or False:
TMS has no effect on the SNARC effect
False, TMS obliterates this relationship and every reaction time becomes slow
How does the relative age effect present itself?
- CEOs of large companies tend to be from 1st quartile
- Thoroughbred racing horses that win tend to be from 1st quartile
- Individuals who succeed in sports tend to be from 1st/2nd quartile
- Larger gap between 1st/2nd quartile and 3rd/4th quartile students in school
Why is the relative age effect important in sports and schools?
Important to flatten out this curve so everyone gets equal opportunities
Why is the relative age effect present in sports?
- Physical maturation
- Selected at an earlier age
- Competition, better coaching, more practices
- Confidence, motivation
What are the two components of the response selection stage?
- Number of stimulus-response (SR) alternatives
- Stimulus/Spatial Compatibility
What is “number of stimulus-response (SR) alternatives”? How does it affect response selection stage?
Identifying what you need to do based on the stimuli
* Impacts speed and accuracy of the response selection stage of information processing
How is “number of stimulus-repsonse (SR) alternatives” evaluated?
- Increasing the number of alternatives
- This increases the time required to process and select and appropriate response
State:
Hick-Hyman Law
Fundamental law, allowing us to predict choice reactino time (RT) based on the knowledge of number of stimulus response alternative choices (index of difficulty, ID)
State:
The function for Hick-Hyman Law
Choice RT = a + b[log2(N)]
In the formula for Hick-Hyman Law:
What does a stand for?
Intercept
* The value (reaction time) for a 1-SR task (simple reaction time task)
* Measured in milliseconds
In the formula for Hick-Hyman Law:
What does b stand for?
Slope
* The change in y associated with every 1 unit change in x
* Change in reaction time for each change of index of difficulty
In the formula for Hick-Hyman Law:
What does the log2(N) part stand for?
Index of difficulty
N is number of stimulus responses
How is the index of difficulty described?
In bits of difficulty, bits of information
What is a bit?
Amount of information required to reduce uncertainty by half
True or False:
The reaction time increases exponentially with increasing index of difficulty
False, the reaction time increases linearly with the increasing index of difficulty
What is the Hick-Hyman Law equation measured in? What is it used for?
ALWAYS measured in milliseconds
* Measures how effectively one can interact with the environment, used in various occupations
What is spatial compatibility? How does it affect the information processing stage?
Facilitates response selection time and accuracy
What is the Stroop task?
Measures the Stroop interference effect
* Measures how lack of compatibility of stimulus and response affects response selection phase of information
What does the Stroop task look into?
Stimulus and response compatibility
Describe:
The Stroop task
A word of a certain colour shows up
* Standard response: Reading the word
* Non-Standard response: Reading the colour of the word
