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My Packs: (UWO) (KIN 1080) > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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2
Q

What does the CNS comprise of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Describe:

The Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Divided in autonomic division and somatic division
  • Somatic division carries information to the CNS from proprioceptive structures and from the CNS to muscles
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4
Q

What neurons are involved in somatic nervous system?

A

Alpha motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons

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5
Q

What relays information to subcortical structure?

A

Cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What structures relays information to the brain stem?

A

Subcortical structures

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7
Q

Describe:

The contemporary pathway of information flow

A
  1. Cerebral cortex to subcortical structure
  2. Subcortical structure to brain stem
  3. Brain stem to spinal cord
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8
Q

True or False:

The cerebral cortex can directly send information to the spinal cord

A

True, called the latereal corticospinal tract

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9
Q

True or False:

The subcortical structures cannot send information by itself

A

False, the subcortical structures can also send information by itself without information from cerebral cortex

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10
Q

True or False:

The spinal cord cannot control movement on its own

A

False, the spinal cord can control movement on its own (e.x. walking, wagging tail)

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11
Q

What was the original concept of movement in the body? Who provided a new concept? How?

A
  • Original concept: Fluids in our body moved and allowed us to move
  • Luigi Galvani’s frog leg experiment showed how bioelectrical signals (very small amounts of electricity) controls movements
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12
Q

Define:

Multipolar neurons

A

A neuron with multiple axon terminals (e.x. Alpha motor neurons)

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13
Q

Define:

Myelin sheath

A

Insulation of fat that cover the neuron, allows rapid information delivery

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14
Q

What disease results in the degeneration of myelin sheaths?

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

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15
Q

What are glial cells?

A

They are the insulation and holds everything together in the brain; however, they are difficult to study

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16
Q

List:

The main functions of glial cells

A
  1. Surround and secure neurons in place
  2. Supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  3. Insulate neurons from one another
  4. Destroy pathogens
17
Q

List:

2 types of neurons

A
  1. Motor (efferent) neurons
  2. Sensory (afferent) neurons
18
Q

Describe:

The function of motor neurons

A
  • Efferent neurons
  • Transmits information relating to a movement
  • Typically an alpha motor neuron (for sure an efferent neuron)
  • Cortical motor neuron (synapses with alpha motor neuron)
19
Q

Describe:

The function of sensory neurons

A
  • Afferent neurons
  • Conveys information from muscle to central nervous sytem (CNS)
20
Q

What does efferent and afferent mean?

A

Efferent: Outward, away from CNS
Afferent: Inward, towards CNS

21
Q

Define:

A motor unit

A

An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibres that it innervates

22
Q

Describe:

The function of extrafusal muscle fibres

A

Produces force, cause muscle fiber contracts

23
Q

Describe:

The function of intrafusal muscle fibres

A

Monitors for stretch
Relies on proprioception (We know where out limbs are due to this)

24
Q

What are extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres innervated by?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibres: Alpha motor neurons
Intrafusal muscle fibres: Gamma motor neurons

25
Q

How will increase/decrease in gamma motor neuron drive present itself?

A

Increased/Decreased reflex or proprioception

26
Q

Describe:

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Also known as the cerebrum
  • 2 hemisphers, 4 lobes each
  • 21-26 billion neurons in this component
27
Q

How many layers is the cerebrum comprised of?

A

6 layers
Differentiated by cell type and cell density

28
Q

What does Layer V in the cerebrum contain?

A

Betz Cells (also known as Magnopyramidal cells)
Largest neurons in CNS

29
Q

What is M1?

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Contains numerous Betz cells, directly connects down the spinal cord controlling motor movements

30
Q

How was the function of a specific part of brain determined in the past vs. the present?

A

In the past, it was thought people’s brain can be interpreted by how they are shaped
Now, we use neuroscience approaches such as neuroimaging (MRI, fMRI etc.), and targeting lesions to determine the function of a specific part of the brain

My Packs: (UWO) (KIN 1080) (27 decks)

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