Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro to Surgery > Lecture 17 - Equine GI Surgery > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Equine GI Surgery Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is colic?

A

Abdominal pain, most commonly of GI origin (can be due to other things such as uroliths).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What % of colic cases require surgical intervention?

A

5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a colic exam consist of?

A

The 10 P’s:

Pain, Pulse, Perfusion, Peristalsis, Pings, Paunch, Passing an NG tube, Palpation, PCV/TP, Peritoneal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is paunch?

A

How distended the abdomen looks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is considered an elevated HR in horses?

A

>60 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a “toxic line”?

A

Purple line on gums around teeth - can be a sign of endotoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What should you listen for during abdominal auscultation?

A

Peristalsis (frequency, intensity, duration, fecal passage)

Pings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How frequent should peristaltic sounds be when auscultating?

A

2-3 episodes in 1-2 minutes

(Should not be continuous, should not be absent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When passing an NG tube, how much fluid reflux is abnormal?

A

>2 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If you get reflux (>2 L) with an NG tube, what can be causes?

A

Clostridium/Salmonella, small intestinal lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can an NG tube be used for other than relief of gas/fluid?

A

Enteral fluid therapy (water, mineral oil (laxative))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is reflux?

A

Difference bt amount of fluid you put in the stomach to get a siphon going and what comes out that you didn’t put in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: The SI is not palpable in a normal horse.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is visceral distention on rectal palpation a sign of?

A

Gas, distended large colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What types of abnormalities (location-wise) can you feel on rectal palpation?

A

Nephrosplenic entrapment, inguinal rings (hernias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a risk of rectal palpation?

A

Rectal tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What should the large colon feel like normally on rectal palpation?

A

should be soft and floppy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a normal PCV? TS? Lactate? WBC?

A

PVC = 28-40%

TS = 6-8 mg/dL

Lactate = <2 mmol/L

WBC = 5,000-12,000 cells/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a PCV >60% mean?

A

Decreased prognosis for life; shunting blood from other ogans, something severe is happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a normal TP for peritoneal fluid?

A

<2.5 g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a normal WBC for peritoneal fluid?

A

<1,000 cells/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be seen on cytology of peritoneal fluid?

A

peritonitis, rupture of GIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What things can be evaluated with transabdominal ultrasound?

A

SI distention, intestinal wall thickness, peritoneal fluid, gastric size, SI/LI contencts, spleen and kidneys, intussusception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can be diagnosed via gastroscopy?

A

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome, gastric impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are indicators of surgical colic?
1. Pain (severe, analgesia doesn't help, horse throws itself on ground) 2. Pulse (52-78 bpm, \>80 bpm severe) 3. Perfusion (prolonged CRT, poor pulse quality) 4. Absence of peristalsis 5. Pings 6. Paunch 7. \>2 L of reflux with NG tube 8. PCV \> 60% 9. Abnormal peritoneal fluid 10. Enteroliths or lg amounts of sand on xray
26
What are 3 medical therapies that can be done for colic?
1. Pain management (NSAIDs, lidocaine, opioids) 2. Fluid therapy 3. Laxatives
27
What is the most common NSAID used?
Banamine
28
When would you use omeprazole?
When ulcers are suspected
29
What are some laxatives we can use?
Mineral oil, water, epsom salts
30
What are some diseases of the oral cavity?
1. Dental disease 2. Dysphagia 3. Foreign bodies 4. Neoplasia 5. Salivary gland conditions 6. Infectious disease 7. Congenital and developmental disorders
31
What are diseases of the esophagus?
1. Obstruction (choke) 2. Strictures 3. Diverticula 4. Rupture
32
What is the primary cause of choke?
Impaction with feed
33
What are secondary obstructions that cause choke?
Foreign body, neoplasia/abscess/cyst, diverticulum, stricture
34
What are clinical signs of choke?
1. Post-pharyngeal dysphagia 2. Nasal regurgitation of feed/saliva 3. Coughing/retching/extended neck carriage
35
What diagnostics can be used with choke?
Clinical signs, endoscopy, radiography
36
What can be used in the field to diagnose choke?
NG tube
37
How can choke be treated?
1. Gentle lavage via NG tube 2. Systemic support including NSAIDs and antimicrobials 3. Dietary restriction 4. Occasional surgical intervention
38
Why might we use antimicrobials with choke?
If we suspect they aspirated
39
What are diseases of the stomach?
1. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) 2. Pyloric stenosis and delayed gastric emptying 3. Gastric dilation and rupture 4. Gastric impaction
40
What is the most common approach to an equine abdominal exploratory?
Ventral midline
41
What are other approaches to abdominal exploratories?
Paramedian, flank (standing), laparascopic
42
How many feet of SI and LI do horses have?
SI = 60-70 feet LI = 30-40 feet
43
What is the most common long term complication of abdominal exploratory and how often does it occur?
Adhesions; 25% of horses
44
What can we use in surgery to prevent adhesions?
1. Carboxymethylcellulose (belly jelly) - lube 2. Omentectomy 3. Minimize trauma, ensure hemostasis, experienced surgeon
45
What do we use to close the linea alba in horses?
3 Vicryl
46
What do we use to close the SQ in horses?
2-0 Vicryl
47
What do we use to close the skin in horses for an exploratory?
Skin staples
48
What are the components of the horse SI?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Mesentery
49
What are 2 types of general diseases of the SI?
Non-strangulating obstructions and strangulating obstructions
50
How can we tell if a SI obstruction is surgical?
1. PE 2. U/S 3. Rectal exam 4. Abdominocentesis
51
What suture patterns can we use for a resection and anastomosis? What suture material?
Simple interrupted, continuous Lembert, simple continuous (interrupted at 180 deg) Material = 2-0 poliglecaprone (Monocryl) or polyglactin 910 (Vicryl)
52
Why should you close mesenteric defects?
To prevent the SI from getting entrapped
53
What are diseases of the cecum?
1. Impaction 2. Cecocecal or cecocolic intussisception 3. Perforation or rupture 4. Volvulus 5. Infarction
54
What are surgical treatments that can be done for the cecum?
1. Typhlotomy 2. Cecocolic anastomosis 3. Jejunocolic anastomosis
55
What are diseases of the large colon?
1. Large colon tympany 2. Large colon impaction 3. Sand impaction 4. Enterolithiasis 5. Nephrosplenic entrapment 6. R dorsal displacement 7. Large colon volvulus 8. R dorsal colitis 9. Thromboembolic colic
56
What are surgical procedures that can be done with the large colon?
1. Resolution of displacement/volvulus 2. Pelvic flexure enterotomy 3. Large colon resection
57
What type of procedure is a pelvic flexure enterotomy considered to be and why?
Clean-contaminated; Clean = we are not opening it over the main body cavity Contaminated = we are going into the intestine
58
What are diseases of the small colon?
1. Fecal impaction 2. Enterolithiasis 3. Fecalith/phytobezoar 4. Foreign body obstruction 5. Meconium impaction 6. Intramural hematoma 7. Pedunculated lipoma 8. Volvulus/herniation/intussusception 9. Atresia coli
59
What are surgical procedures that can be done in the small colon?
1. Resolution of volvulus 2. Small colon enterotomy 3. High enema 4. Resection and anastomosis
60
What diseases of the rectum?
Rectal tears, rectal prolapse
61
What are causes of rectal tears?
1. Palpation per rectum and contraction of rectal wall 2. Enemas 3. Dystocia/parturition 4. Breeding injury
62
What is a grade 1 rectal tear?
Through mucosa
63
What is a grade 2 rectal tear?
Through muscularis
64
What is a grade 3 rectal tear?
Only serosa left
65
What is a grade 4 rectal tear?
Into the abdomen
66
How can we treat rectal tears?
1. Reduce activity in rectum 2. Gently remove feces from rectum 3. Treat septic shock and peritonitis 4. Administer epidural and pack the rectum 5. Temporary in-dwelling rectal liner 6. Colostomy 7. Direct suturing
67
What is a type I rectal prolapse?
Rectal mucosa and submucosa project thru anus
68
What is a type II rectal prolapse?
Complete prolapse of full thickness of all or part of rectal ampulla
69
What is a type III rectal prolapse?
Small colon intussuscepts into rectum in addition to type II prolapse
70
What is a type IV rectal prolapse?
Peritoneal rectum and small colon form intussusception thru anus
71
How can we treat types I and II rectal prolapses?
Apply glycerin, sugar, magnesium sulfate, lidocaine jelly; Epidural; Pursestrings; Do not feed for 12-24 hours, laxative diet for \>10 days
72
If surgical treatment for rectal prolapse is needed, how can we do so?
Submucosal resection, resection and anastomosis, celiotomy if type III/IV
73
When does atresia ani become apparent and what are clinical signs?
Shortly after birth; Straining to defecate, colic, abdominal distention
74
How can we treat atresia ani?
Reconstructive rectal surgery
75
What is a common neoplasia of the rectum in horses?
Melanoma; esp in gray horses

Intro to Surgery (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions