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Virology > Lecture 3 - Antivirals > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Antivirals Flashcards

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1
Q

Three types of host defense against virus

A

Specific barriersNonspecific cellular barrierimmune system

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2
Q

Vaccine based on person exposure to ____ in order to make ______

A

chemically deactivated virusesAntibodies

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3
Q

Antiviral drugs generally inhibit ______ or _______

A

ReplicationAttachment

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4
Q

Nonspecific defenses (1st and 2nd lines)

A

1st = skin, mucous membrane2nd = WBC, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation

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5
Q

Third line of host defense is based on _____ and consists of _____ and ______

A

ImmunityLymphocytes and AB’s

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6
Q

Three types of vaccines

A

InactivatedAttenuatedEngineered

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7
Q

Inactivated vaccine has destroyed _____, and intact ______

A

genomecapsid

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8
Q

____ is an inactivated vaccine

A

Polio

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9
Q

Attenuated vaccine replicates ______. Examples are _____ and _____

A

SlowlyChickenpox, MMR

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10
Q

Engineered vaccines have ____ that are produced by ________

A

viral proteinsyeast cells

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11
Q

Example of genetically engineered vaccine

A

Hep B

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12
Q

Why do we need antivirals? (6 reasons)

A

–No vaccine or problems with them–Mutation–Reassortment–New infections–TIME to make vaccines–Immunosuppressive diseases

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13
Q

Antivirals – barriers to making effective ones? (6)

A

Selective toxicityResistanceIntracellular bugsDelay of SymptomsLatent phase hard to targetLimited drug development

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14
Q

Successful drug intereferes with either…

A

Viral functionCell function that virus needs

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15
Q

There are antivirals against which viruses?

A

HSV, VZV, CMVHIVInfluenza A + BHep B + C

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16
Q

Six targets for antivirals (steps)

A

Before attachmentAttachmentPenetration/uncoatingReplication of genomeProtein synthesisAssembly/release

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17
Q

Viral disruption is effective against ______ viruses

A

enveloped

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18
Q

Nonoxynol (N9) is a ______ against ___ and ____

A

DetergentHSV, HIV

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19
Q

Citric acid disrupts…

A

rhinovirus

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20
Q

The first group of viral attachment blocking agents rely on _____. This interferes with ____ and causes ______

A

neutralizing antibodiesInterferes with Binding to receptorsCauses aggregation of viral particles

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21
Q

Maraviroc is a _______. What is its mechanism?

A

CCR antagonistChanges CCR5 shape so it cant bind gp120

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22
Q

Viral attachment blockers have three groups, which are…

A

Neutralizing antibodiesReceptor antagonistsFusion inhibitors

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23
Q

Fusion inhibitor example and general mechanism.

A

enfuvirtidestop HIV entry to CD4 cells

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24
Q

Enfuvirtide mimics…

A

HR2 region of gp41(gp41 is fusion protein for HIV)

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25
Uncoating blocker example (group and 2 examples)
Adamantanes--amantadine--rimantadine
26
Amantadine is a _______ that targets \_\_\_\_\_\_. This disrupts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Weak organic baseM2 proteinDisrupts H2 Transport, which inhibits uncoating of viral genome.
27
Amantadine is effective against....
Influenza ANOT B
28
Amantadine may cause ______ due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HallucinationDopaminergic action
29
Nucleic Acid Synthesis blocked by ___ and \_\_\_\_
Nucleoside anaolgsNon-Nucleoside analogues
30
Nucleoside analogs inhibit \_\_\_\_\_.
VIral polymeraseCauses chain termination
31
Nucleoside analogs that target viral Polymerase: examples (4 groups)
Acyclovir, gancyclovirAZTCidofovir/TenofovirTelbivudine
32
Nucleoside analogs can also cause \_\_\_\_\_\_. Examples? (3)
errors in replication and transcriptionRibavirinTFTIdoxuridine
33
Non nucleoside analog examples
FoscarnetNevirapine
34
Nucleoside analog mechanism
conveted by VIRAL (1) then CELLULAR (2) enzymes to TRIPHOSPHATE form
35
Triphohsphate form of Nucl. Analogs inhibit \_\_\_\_\_. Then they are...
DNA and RNA pol....Incorporated into DNA
36
The Nucl. Analogs have a ____ group that has been substituted for the usual ___ group
N3 (azide) group instead of OH
37
Valacyclovir is...
soluble, has better availability
38
Penciclovir form:
cream
39
Famciclovir form:
Oral
40
Acyclovir Tx for
HSV 1 and 2
41
Acyclovir can be thought of as a \_\_\_\_\_\_
purine mimic
42
Acyclovir inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_
Viral DNApol 100X AFFINITY
43
Acyclovir activated by
Thymidine kinasesViralHostHost
44
Acyclovir has ____ oral absorption rate
15-30%
45
Gancyclovir is a synthetic analog of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2'-deoxy-guanosine
46
Gancyclovir used for
CMV--- retinitisPneumoniaColitis
47
CMV does not encode \_\_\_\_\_. So how does GCV work then?
Thymidine KinaseCMV encoded protein kinase P's gancyclovir
48
Gancyclovir- most common side effects
Bone marrow suppressionCNS effects
49
AZT is an analog of \_\_\_\_\_. What is the difference?
Thymidine 3' OH group replaced with Azide group (N3)
50
AZT inhibits \_\_\_\_\_
reverse transcriptase
51
AZT isn't recommended as \_\_\_. Why?
monotherapy (due to resistance)
52
AZT Sides (3)
GranulocytopeniaAnemiaCNS (headache)
53
Cidofovir and Tenofovir work by \_\_\_\_\_
decreasing the amount of HIV in the blood
54
Cidofovir and Tenofovir structure
nucleoside analogscontain a PHOSPHATE attached to a SUGAR analog
55
Cidofovir and Tenofovir work independent of \_\_\_\_\_
viral phosphorylation
56
Cidofovir and Tenofovir are substrates for ___ or \_\_\_\_
DNA polymerases or RT's
57
Cidofovir used for \_\_\_\_\_.SIdes?
CMV retinitis in AIDS ptsMay cause LIVER DAMAGE
58
Tenofovir used for
HBV and HIV
59
Telbivudine is an nucleoside analog of \_\_\_
Thymidine
60
Telbivudine is ____ by _____ enzymes
Phosphorylatedcellular Kinase enzymes
61
What form of Telbivudine is its functional form?This inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telbivudine-5-TriphosphateHBV DNA polymerase
62
Telbivudine used for
HBV
63
Viral polymerase properties (3)
NonspecificFast workingProofreading
64
Ribavirin is a _____ that causes \_\_\_\_\_\_
nucleoside analogerrors in replication and transcription
65
Ribavirin is an analog of \_\_\_\_\_, but contains \_\_\_\_\_\_
Guanosinean incomplete (open) ring
66
Ribavirin incorporated into \_\_\_\_\_The mechanism following this?
RNA pairs with URACIL or CYTOSINEinduces mutations in RNA viruses
67
Ribavirin active against...(Try to name all 8)
BROAD range of DNA virusesFlavi + ParamyxBunya + ArenaRetro + HerpesAdeno + Pox
68
Ribavirin mode of administration
aerosol or oral
69
Ribavirin major toxicity
Anemia
70
Ribavirin Indication...
Aerosol treatment of RSV in kids
71
TFT is a ____ analog. Mechanism?
ThymidineCF3 group added o the uracil -- BLOCKS base pairing
72
TFT becomes....
Phosphorylated by cellular enzymes
73
TFT drug form
Ophthalmic solution
74
TFT used for Tx of ____ caused by \_\_\_\_\_
topical Tx of EPITHELIAL KERATITIS caused by HERPESVIRUS
75
Idoxuridine substitutes for \_\_\_. Mechanism?
ThymidineThe iodine blocks base pairing
76
Idoxuridine used for...
HSV Keratoconjunctivitis and Keratitis
77
Idoxuridine phosphorylated by
Thymidine Kinase
78
Foscarnet is a ______ resembling \_\_\_\_\_\_
non nucleoside analogPyrophosphate
79
Foscarnet binds to
DNApol (at the pyrophosphate binding site)
80
Foscarnet used for ... (3)
HerpesvirusHIV Reverse TranscriptaseCMV retinitis in AIDS patients
81
Other NonNS Analogs
NevirapineEfavirenzDelavirdine
82
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine are considered \_\_\_\_\_
non-NS Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
83
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine mechanism of action
Bind RT directlyDisrupt DNApol catalytic siteBlock DNA pol activity \*both RNA and DNA dependent\*
84
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine doesn;t require...
Phosphorylation by cellular enzymes
85
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine -- used for
HIV-1(HIV2 has different structure RT)
86
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine --- used as part of \_\_\_\_\_\_
HAART
87
Raltegravir is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.Blocks \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Integrase Inhibitorblocks viral DNA integration
88
Interferon is a ______ that functions as a \_\_\_\_\_
Glycoprotein (cytokine)Protein synthesis inhibitor
89
Type 1 Interferons
Alpha and Beta
90
IFN alpha has ____ subtypes, and is made by what types of (viral infected) cells?
20 subtypesB cellMonocyteMQImmature DC's
91
IFN Beta has ____ subtypes, and is made by \_\_\_\_\_
2, Fibroblasts
92
IFN alpha aka \_\_\_\_\_
Leukocyte Interferon
93
IFN Beta aka \_\_\_\_\_
Fibroblast Interferon
94
Type 2 Interferonsaka..
GammaImmune interferon
95
IFN Gamma number of subtypes? Made by what cells?
3Activated T lymphocytes
96
Induction of Interferon (three things)
-dsRNA-interaction between sense / antisense mRNA-Interaction of some enveloped viruses
97
Three steps for Interferon mechanism
1. Infected cell releases interferon2. Binds a CSR on another cell3. Induces "antiviral state"
98
Effects of Interferon (2)
mRNA DEGRADED (protein synth inhibited)INHIBITS ribosome assembly
99
Interferon inhibits ribosome assembly via
EIF-2alpha \*initiation factor
100
Interferon produced in response to infection does not affect \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The INITIALLY infected cell
101
Interferon receptor induces what three things in affected cell?
2,5 oligoA synthaseRibonuclease LA protein Kinase
102
What is the function of 2,5 OligoA?
Activation of Ribonuclease L
103
Interferon has ___ activity
Broad spectrum
104
DNA viruses affected by interferon
HSV1+2Herpes ZosterhPV
105
RNA viruses affected by interferon
InfluenzaChronic HepatitisRhinovirus
106
Other stuf (not DNA or RNA virus) affected by interferon
Breast + Lung cancerKaposi Sarcoma
107
Interferon is not ________ bioavailable. Routes?
orally\*IM, SubQ, Topical
108
Antiviral agents affecting enzymatic functions of viral proteins (2 groups)
Protease InhibitorsNeuraminidase Inhibitors (Viral release inhibitors)
109
Protease Inhibitors (6)
"BRINTS"Boceprevrin, Ritonavir, Nelfinavir, Indinavir, Tipranavir, Saquinavir
110
Protease inhibitors especially effective against ____ and \_\_\_
HIVHep C
111
Main mechanism behind protease inhibitors
stop cleavage of polyproteins so they cant be used for viral assembly
112
Protease inhibitors not recommended as \_\_\_\_
monotherapy
113
Neuraminidase inhibitors (2)
Zanamivir Oseltamavir (O shit my Tamiflu doesn't work)
114
NA inhibitors treat A, B, or both?
Both!
115
Neuraminidase functions by catalyzing....
cleavage of Sialic Acid (attached to glycoproteins)

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