Lecture 5

Question 1

Geological record

Answer 1

based on the sequence of fossils found within rock strata and the ages of rocks

Question 2

History of Earth divided intro 3 eons

Answer 2

• archean
• proterozoic
• phanerozoic

Question 3

Phanerozoic is the most recent eon and divided into 3 eras..

Answer 3

• paleozoic
• mesozoic
• cenozoic

Question 4

Boundaries of eras are marked by..

Answer 4

mass extinctions

Question 5

During what era was like virtually all life was aquatic

Answer 5

paleozoic

Question 6

Mesozoic era is known as the age of the..

Answer 6

reptile

Question 7

What else occurred i the mesozoic era

Answer 7

• dinosaurs
• beginning of mammals and flowering plants
• end of the era all but the bird form of dinosaurs were extinct

Question 8

Cenozoic era was an explosive evolution of..

Answer 8

mammals, birds and angiosperm plants

Question 9

Epochs

Answer 9

the cenozoic periods further sub divided into these epochs

Question 10

Who proposed that the Earth began as one great mass which broke up into continents that then drifted into their current positions

Answer 10

German meteorologist Wegener

Question 11

Important geological processes occur at plate boundaries like..

Answer 11

• sliding plates are earthquake zones

- colliding plates form mountains

Question 12

Pangea means

Answer 12

all land and is the term assigned to the super continent

Question 13

When was pangea formed

Answer 13

250 million years ago

Question 14

Pangea lowered the sea level draining shallow coastal seas probably …

Answer 14

killing marine organisms that lived there

Question 15

The formation of pangea reshaped biological diversity by..

Answer 15

• causing a number of extinctions

- provided lots of opportunity for those organisms that survived the changes

Question 16

Break up of pangea led to the modern arrangement of continents and it occurred ..

Answer 16

180 million years ago

Question 17

Gradual collision of India and Eurasia resulted in the formation of..

Answer 17

Himalaya mountains

Question 18

Australias marsupials became isolated when..

Answer 18

the continents separated and placental mammals arose on other continents

Question 19

What ancient vertebrates had a unique pattern of distribution that can be explained by the break up of pangea

Answer 19

lungfish

Question 20

Reasons that extinction may have occurred

Answer 20

• destruction of habitat
• unfavourable climate changes
• changes in the biological community (predators)

Question 21

How many mass extinctions have occurred over the past 500 million years

Answer 21

5

Question 22

What occurs following mass extinctions

Answer 22

dramatic adaptive radiation

Question 23

Dramatic adaptive radiation

Answer 23

various ecological niches that have been vacated by extinction are filled by surviving organisms

Question 24

Phylogeny

Answer 24

history od a species or a group of species

Question 25

Homologous structures

Answer 25

may look and function differently in different species but they exhibit fundamental similarities because they evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor

Question 26

Convergent evolution

Answer 26

species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in similar environments and naturals selection acts to favour the same adaptions

Question 27

The similarity due to convergent evolution is called..

Answer 27

analogy

Question 28

Systematics

Answer 28

this biological discipline focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Question 29

Example of how to properly write a binomial name

Answer 29

Escherichia coli (has to be underlines or italicized)

Question 30

Pleural of genus

Answer 30

genera

Question 31

Major groups of classification from the most inclusive to leave inclusive

Answer 31

- domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

Question 32

Clade

Answer 32

group of species that includes its ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 33

Monophyletic

Answer 33

inclusive group of ancestors and descendants

Question 34

Shared derived characters

Answer 34

these are new traits which develop in an organism and is passed on to its descendants

Question 35

Shared ancestral characters

Answer 35

these are the original traits present in the ancestral groups

Question 36

Shared derived traits distinguish ... and are the..

Answer 36

- clades | - branch points on the tree of life

Question 37

Cladograms compare an..

Answer 37

in group and an outgroup

Question 38

Ingroup

Answer 38

this is the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed

Question 39

Outgroup

Answer 39

this is a species or group of pieces that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the groups to be studied

Question 40

Molecular systematics is the..

Answer 40

comparing of nucleic acids or other molecules to look for relatedness

Question 41

The more recently that two species have evolved from a common ancestor the..

Answer 41

more similar heir DNA sequences should be

Question 42

DNA that encodes Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is useful to..

Answer 42

investigate relationships that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago

Question 43

DNA of the mitochondria (mtDNA) reveals..

Answer 43

more recent evolutionary events

Question 44

In the late 1960s scientists were using a 5 kingdom system including..

Answer 44

- monera (prokaryotes) - protista - plantae - fungi - animalia

Question 45

What highlighted serious flaws in this 5 kingdom system

Answer 45

molecular studies

Question 46

Molecular evidence indicates that the 2 prokaryote groups bacteria and archaea diverged..

Answer 46

very early on

Question 47

What is more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria

Answer 47

archaea