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Biol 1010 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Plant body contains 3 basic organs..

A

roots, stems and leaves

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2
Q

Plant root and plant shoot cannot

A

survive w/o each other

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3
Q

Root system

A

anchors the plant in the soil and absorbs/transports minerals and water. stores food

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4
Q

Near the root tip there is

A

abundance of root hairs to increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals

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5
Q

Shoot system

A

made of stems and leaves and flowers.

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6
Q

Stems

A

generally above ground and supports leaves/flowers.

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7
Q

Nodes

A

point at which leaves are attached

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8
Q

Internodes

A

portions of the stem between nodes

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9
Q

Leaves

A

main photosynthetic organs. contains petiole

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10
Q

Petiole

A

flattened blade and stalk that joins leaf to node of steam

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11
Q

2 types of buds

A
  • terminal bud

- axillary bud

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12
Q

Terminal bud

A

at the apex tip of growing stem and has developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

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13
Q

Axillary buds

A

within the angle between the leaf and stem. usually dormant. concentrating resources toward growing taller increase the plants exposure to sunlight important when vegetation is dense

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14
Q

Apical dominance

A

hormones produced by the terminal buds inhibit the axillary buds growth

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15
Q

Under some conditions the axillary buds begin to..

A

grow and removing the terminal bud often stimulates the growth of the axillary bud

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16
Q

3 modified stems

A
  • horizontal stem (runner)
  • rhizomes
  • bulbs
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17
Q

Horizontal stem (runner)

A

grows along ground surface, allows the plant to reproduce asexually

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18
Q

Rhizomes

A

horizontal stems that grow either right below or alone the surface of the soil. they sort food and may also spread and form new plants

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19
Q

Tubers

A

rhizomes which end in enlarged structures which are specialized for storage (potato plants)

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20
Q

Bulbs

A

underground shoots which contain swollen leaves for food storage

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21
Q

2 modified leaves

A
  • tendrils

- spines

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22
Q

Tendrils

A

tips are coiled around a stem. this helps the plant to climb such as in grapevine

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23
Q

Spines

A

cactus are modified leaf that protects against being eating by animals

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24
Q

The plant root, stem and leaf re all made of three tissue systems

A
  • dermal
  • vascular
  • ground
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25
Dermal tissue system
forms an outer protective covering. first line of defence against physical; game and infectious organisms
26
Dermal tissue consists of
- epidermis: single layer of tightly packed cells | - cuticle: waxy outer covering atop the epidermis, protects against water loss
27
Vascular tissue
composed of xylem and phloem tissues. provides support and long distance transport
28
Ground tissue
accounts for the bulk of young plant. fills the space between vascular and epidermis. functions in support, storage and photosynthesis
29
Pith
ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue
30
Cortex
ground tissue external to the vascular tissue
31
Water and minerals absorbed from the..
soil enter through the epidermis
32
Vascular cylinder
vascular system in the centre of the root
33
Xylem cells
dicot radiate from the centre like spokes of a shell. found in root of monocot
34
Phloem cells
dicot fill the wedges between the spokes. found in root of monocot
35
Region between the vascular cylinder and epidermis consists entirely of...
cortex
36
Endodermis
inner layer of the cortex. a cylinder that is one cell layer thick, its a selective barrier that determines which materials can pass between the rest of the cortex and vascular tissue
37
Eudicots and monocots bother have
vascular tissues arranged in vascular bundles
38
Monocot stem has...
vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissues
39
Eudicot stem has..
vascular bundles arranged in a ring
40
Unlike roots a educate stem has both..
a cortex region and pith region.
41
Monocot stems are not..
divided into pith cortex
42
Stomata
pores that interrupt epidermis. allow CO2 exchange between air and photosynthetic cells within the leaf.
43
Each of the stoma is bordered by..
two guard cells which regulate the size of the stomata opening
44
Mesophyll
ground tissue of the lead and is sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis
45
Mesophyll consists
of photosynthetic parenchymal cells, chloroplasts and cells in lower mesophyll are loosely arranged with air spaces allowing O2 and OC2 circulation
46
Eudicots and monocots have..
vascular tissue in the lead made up of a network of veins.
47
Each leaf vein has a ..
vascular bundle (for shape/skeleton) composed of xylem and phloem that are in close contact w photosynthetic organs
48
Close contacts between cells ensures that ..
the photosynthetic tissues are supplied with water and mineral nutrients from the soil and that the sugars made by photosynthesis are transported to rest of plant
49
3 structures that distinguish plants from other eukaryotes
- chloroplasts - central vacuole - cell wall made from cellulose
50
Chloroplasts are..
site of photosynthesis
51
Central vacuole
contains fluid to help maintain cell shape
52
Primary cell wall of plants
laid down first
53
Secondary cell wall of plants
rigid cell wall laid down between plasma membrane and primary cell wall.
54
Middle lamella
sticky layer that holds primary cell walls of adjacent together,
55
Pits
regions where cell wall is relatively this allow the migration of water between adjacent cells
56
Plasmodesmata
channels of communication and circulation between adjacent plant cells
57
Parenchymal cells
most abundant cell type, have only primary cell walls which are thin and flexible.
58
Parenchymal cells perform most metabolic plant functions such as..
- photosynthesis - aerobic respiration - food storage - divide and differentiate into other type of plant cells
59
Collenchyma cells
only unusually thickened primary cell walls. provide flexible support in parts of the plant that are growing as they elongate as cell grows. (young stems and petioles)
60
Sclerenchyma cells
thick secondary cell walls, strengthened with lignin (primary component of wood) mature cells cannot elongate so found in parts of plant where they've stopped growing. dead at maturity. form rigid skeleton
61
2 types of sclerenchyma cells
- fibres: long slender and arranged in bundles | - sclereids: shorter than fibre cells, thick irregular and hard secondary walls (in nuts)
62
2 types of water conducting cells in angiosperms
-tracheids -vessel elements (both have rigid, lignin containing secondary cell walls)
63
Tracheids
long thin cells w tapered ends
64
Vessel elements
wider shorter and less tapered
65
Chains of both water conducting cells form..
tubes of overlapping their ends and carries water from roots to the stems and leaves in xylem tissue
66
Tubes of water conducting cells are..
hollow and cells dead when they are mature (only their cell walls remain)
67
Food conducting cells
sieve-tube members are arranged end to end like xylem forming tubes. remain alive at maturity but loose most organelles so it allows more room for transport of materials.
68
End walls of food conducting cells have..
sieve plates containing pores that allow fluid to flow from cell to cell
69
Companion cells
alongside each sieve-tube cell connected by plasmodesmata and function to supply cell w proteins
70
Xylem tissue functions to transport..
water and dissolved minerals upwards from root
71
Phloem contians..
sieve-tube members that transport sugars from leaves/stage tissue to other parts of plants

Biol 1010 (18 decks)

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