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Biol 1010 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

Population genetics

A

study of how populations change genetically over time

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3
Q

Gene pool

A

total collection of genes in a population at any given time

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4
Q

How many alleles are in the gene pool

A

Atleast 2 alleles

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5
Q

Microevolution

A

gradual change in the gene pool of a population over time

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6
Q

Mutation

A

change in the nucleotide sequence

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7
Q

Sexual recombination

A

generates variation by shuffling alleles during meiosis

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8
Q

Factors that contribute to evolution

A
  • natural selection
  • genetic drift
  • genetic flow
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9
Q

Natural selection

A

leads to differential reproductive success in a population

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10
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in the gene pool of a population due to chance (tornado). Can cause the bottleneck or founder effect

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11
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of individuals between populations, gain or loss of alleles

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12
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

drastic reduction in population size and change in allele frequency

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13
Q

Example of bottleneck

A

floods, fires, etc, kill large numbers of people leaving behind a small surviving population that is unlikely to have same genetic makeup as original population

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14
Q

Founder effect

A

ults when a few individuals colonize a new environment such as an isolated island, the smaller this new group is the less likely the genetic makeup of the new population will resemble that of the larger group they left

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15
Q

Found effect refers to the differences between..

A

the gene pool of the new population and the gene pool of the original population

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16
Q

Endangered species

A

Loss of genetic variability due to overhunting and habitat loss with high levels of interbreeding

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17
Q

3 ways natural selection alters variation

A
  • stabilizing selection
  • directional selection
  • disruptive selection
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18
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favours the intermediate (middle) phenotypes

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19
Q

Difference between natural selection and genetic drift

A

its randomized, doesn’t chose which genes are favoured or not

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20
Q

Anthopogentic effects

A

human effects on our environment

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21
Q

Directional selection

A

favours the on specific genotype over the rest

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22
Q

Disruptive selection

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A

favours both the phenotype extremes but not the intermediate (middle)

23
Q

Sexual selection occurs when ..

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A

individuals with certain characteristics are more likely to obtain mates

24
Q

4 reasons that natural selection produces less than perfect organisms

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A
  • selection can only act on the existing variations
  • evolution is limited by historical constraints
  • adaptions are often compromises
  • chance, natural selection and the environment all interact
25
How evolution is limited by historical constraints
evolution operates on the traits that an organism already has, and it doesn't produce new structures
26
Species
group of organisms that are able to breed w one another and produce fertile offspring
27
Speciation
emergence of new species
28
Macroevolution
broad patterns of evolutionary change over long time periods
29
Difference between micro and macro evolution
usually a new oceans closely resembles it parent species (micro) but occasionally a new species will have enough change to define a new branch on the tree of life (macro)
30
Charles Linnaeus a swedish botanist developed the..
taxonomic system of naming and classifying in the 18th century (still used today)
31
Spelling for binomial system..
have to capitalize genus (first), species must be lower case and either italicized or underlined (second) (ex: Escherichia coli)
32
To be classified as a species must follow the 2 rules...
- must be able to breed within the same species | - offspring produced must be ablate reproduce and be fertile
33
Organisms were grouped as species based on..
physical similarities
34
Biological species concept
developed in 1942, a species as a group of populations whose members are able to intercede and produce fertile offspring
35
Reproductive isolation
occurs when the inability to produce fertile offspring assists in maintaining the gap in between different species
36
Problems with the biological species concept
- prokaryotes dont reproduce sexually | - we are unable to determine whether fossils were capable of interbreeding
37
Morphological species concept
classification of a species based on measurable and observable physical traits, can be used for fossils and asexual organisms.
38
Disadvantage of morphological species concept
relies in subjective criteria, some may disagree w what other people consider similar
39
Ecological species concept
identifies species on the basic of ecological niches and how they adapted to a particular environment
40
Phylogenetic species concept
defined as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and from one branch on the tree of life, determine on comparison of morphology and DNA sequences
41
Reproductive barriers
features of a particular organism that makes it incapable of breeding with closely related species which live in the same geographical area
42
2 groups of reproductive barriers
- pre zygotic barriers | - post zygotic barriers
43
Pre-zygotic reproductive barriers
prevent mating or fertilization between species
44
Post-zygotic reproductive barriers
operate after hybrid zones are formed
45
5 main types of pre zygotic barriers
- temporal isolation - habitat isolation - behavioural isolation - mechanical isolation - gametic isolation
46
Temporal isolation
occurs because two species mate at different times
47
Habitat isolation
two species living in the same general location but lives in water and other lives on land
48
Behavioural isolation
little or no sexual attraction between males and females of different species, sexual calls and signals don't work with different species
49
Mechanical isoaltion
female and male sex organs are not compatible
50
Gametic isolation
sexual act of mating may occur but the male and female games will nit unite to form zygote
51
3 main types of post-zygotic barriers
- reduced hybrid viability - reduced hybrid fertility - hybrid breakdown
52
Reduced hybrid viability
most hybrid offspring do not survive
53
Reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid offspring of two different species reach maturity and are healthy but sterile
54
Hybrid breakdown
first generation hybrid offspring are viable and fertile, when these hybrid mate with one another or with a member of one of the parents species the offspring are feeble or sterile

Biol 1010 (18 decks)

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