Lecture 9

Question 1

Early earth on land was perfect for..

Answer 1

plants because there was an abundance of sunlight and carbon dioxide. there were very few pathogens and plant eating animals

Question 2

What needed to take place in order for plants to be able to love on dry land

Answer 2

key adaptions, these are key adaptations that separate multicellular algae which are also photosynthetic, multicellular and eukaryotic from plants

Question 3

Algae

Answer 3

anchored but have rigid tissues, supported by the surrounding water, the entire body of algae obtains mineral and CO2 directly from the water. nearly the entire organism has access to light and can photosynthesize. flagellated sperm swim to the egg for fertilization to occur. offspring are dispersed by water

Question 4

Plants

Answer 4

surrounded by air and not water, must have mechanism of painting water within cells. must be able to obtain nutrients and resources from both air and soil. must be able to support the body in a non buoyant medium. must have a mechanism to reproduce and disperse offspring w/o water

Question 5

Plant adoptions for life on land include

Answer 5

• maintaining moisture
• obtaining resources from two very different environments
• supporting plant body
• reproduction/dispersal

Question 6

The portions of land plants that are above ground are covered with a..

Answer 6

waxy cuticle that functions to prevent water loss.

Question 7

CO2 and O2 cannot diffuse across this cuticle so…

Answer 7

pores within the leaf called stomata function in gas exchange

Question 8

Surrounding cells regulate the opening and closing of..

Answer 8

the stomata. usually stomata are open during sunlight hours allowing gas exchange. stomata are closed during darkness in order to prevent water loss

Question 9

Plants must obtain chemicals from both..

Answer 9

soil and the air

Question 10

Water and nutrients for plants are found

Answer 10

within the soil

Question 11

Roots

Answer 11

provide anchorage and absorbs water and minerals from the soil

Question 12

Leaves

Answer 12

capture CO2 from the air and light from the sun and enable photosynthesis

Question 13

Apical meristems are..

Answer 13

growth producing regions that are found near the tops of both roots and stems

Question 14

Elongation and branching act to ..

Answer 14

maximize exposure to resources found within the soil and air

Question 15

Most plants have what type of tissue

Answer 15

vascular

Question 16

Vascular tissue

Answer 16

network of thick walled cells that are joined into small tubes that extend through the plant body

Question 17

2 types of vascular tissue

Answer 17

• xylem

- phloem

Question 18

Xylem tissue

Answer 18

functions to move water read minerals UP from the roots. composed of dead and living cells

Question 19

Phloem tissue

Answer 19

functions to move sugars bother UP and DOWN the plant. composed of living tissue

Question 20

Avascular plant types

Answer 20

lack a complex transport system, and restricted with high (moss) because there is very limited means to distribute water and minerals from soils to leaves

Question 21

Lignin

Answer 21

cell walls of some plant cells are thickened and reinforced by this chemical. absence can cause heigh restrictions

Question 22

Plants must be able to keep their gametes and developing embryos from

Answer 22

drying out in the air

Question 23

Moss and ferns still produces gametes within..

Answer 23

male and female gametangia

Question 24

Gametangia

Answer 24

structures made of protective jacket of cells surrounding the gamete producing cells

Question 25

Male gametes are released and ..

Answer 25

swim tint female gametangium where the eggs remains. requires water therefor mosses/ferns only able to do so in moist environments

Question 26

Pollen grains

Answer 26

pines and flowering plants have these structures that contain the sperm producing cells. brought close to the egg by wind/animals and doesn't need water

Question 27

All plants have the fertilized egg (zygote) develop into ..

Answer 27

an embryo while still attached to the parent plant.

Question 28

Embryophyte

Answer 28

embryo is multicellular and dependent

Question 29

All plant life cycles involve a

Answer 29

alternating haploid and diploid cycle

Question 30

Haploid generation produces

Answer 30

eggs and sperm

Question 31

Diploid generation produces

Answer 31

spores within a structure called a sporangium

Question 32

Spore can develop into a new organisms without

Answer 32

fusing with another cell

Question 33

Only moss and ferns reply on ____ for dispersal

Answer 33

spores

Question 34

Seeds

Answer 34

elaborate embryo containing structures that protect the embryo from elements and are dispersed by wind or animals

Question 35

Seedless plants

Answer 35

plants that don't need seeds to disperse their offspring (ex: moss and ferns)

Question 36

Bryophytes

Answer 36

seedless avascular plants, the first to arise. (moss) lack true roots and leaves. resemble all other plants because apical meristems and embryos that develop while attacked to the parent plant.

Question 37

Bryophytes dont have

Answer 37

lignified cell walls so they cannot grow very tall and often found in spongy mats which retain water

Question 38

2 primary groups of vascular plants-

Answer 38

- seedless | - seeded

Question 39

Seedless vascular plants

Answer 39

ferns, well developed roots/stems. common in forests and tropics. grow several meters tall. do require moisture for reproduction and disperse offspring ad spores carried by air

Question 40

Seeded vascular plants

Answer 40

90% of living plants. seed/pollen improved the ability to live in diverse habitats.

Question 41

Pollen

Answer 41

brings sperm producing cells into close contact with eggs producing parts. able to travel far distance. water is not necessary for fertilization.

Question 42

2 main groups of seeded plants

Answer 42

- gymnosperms | - angiosperms

Question 43

Gymnosperms

Answer 43

earliest linage of seeded plants

Question 44

Gymno means

Answer 44

naked and refers to the fact that seeds are not produced in specialized chambers

Question 45

Conifers

Answer 45

largest group of gymnosperms and consists of cone bearing trees

Question 46

Angiosperm

Answer 46

most recent episode of plant evolution, flowering plants. flowers complex reproductive structures that develop within protective chambers

Question 47

Angio means

Answer 47

container and refers to the fact that seed is produced within specialized chamber

Question 48

4 key adaptions for life on land

Answer 48

- dependent embryos are present in all plants - lignified vascular tissues mark a linage that give rise to most vascular plants - seeds are found on all gymnosperms and angiosperms - flowers are the markers of the angiosperm linage

Question 49

Haploid generation of a plant and produces gametes is..

Answer 49

gametophyte

Question 50

Diploid generation of the plant and produces spores..

Answer 50

sporophyte

Question 51

5 stages of the plant life cycle

Answer 51

- haploid gametophyte plants produce gametes by mitosis - fertilization produces diploid zygote - zygote divides by mitosis and develops into multicellular diploid sporophyte plants - sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis - spore then develops by mitosis into a multicellular haploid gametophyte