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Biol 1010 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Far left is the ancestral colonial protist includes

A
  • eumetazoans

- sponges

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2
Q

Eumetazoans

A

animals with true tissues

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3
Q

Sponges

A

have no true tissues

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4
Q

Most animals have bilateral symmetry are called

A

bilaterians

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5
Q

Bilaterians are divided into two clades on basis of embryology

A
  • deuterostomes

- protostomes

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6
Q

Sponges

A

stationary animals (sedentary). most marine, some freshwater. some are radially symmetrical (lack body symmetry)

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7
Q

Sponges resemble ..

A

thick walled sac with holes. water is drawn through spores into a central cavity which flows out through larger opening.

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8
Q

More complex sponges have…

A

branching water canals

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9
Q

Sponge body consists of..

A

two cell layers separated by gelatinous region

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10
Q

Choanocytes

A

inner layer of flagellated cells that help to sweep water through the sponges body

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11
Q

Amoebocytes

A

wander through the middle body region and produce spongin and spicules.

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12
Q

Spongin

A

supportive skeletal fibres composed flexible protein

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13
Q

Spicules

A

mineralized particules. can be sharp to protect large opening

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14
Q

Sponges are suspension feeders …

A

that collect food particles from the water. food is passed through some sort of food trapping equipment. feed by collecting food particles from water that stream through their pores.

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15
Q

Choanocytes trap food particles in..

A

mucus on membranes that surround the base of their flagella and then engulf the food by phagocytosis

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16
Q

Amoebocytes pick up food packaged in ..

A

food vacuoles from choanocytes and digest it carrying the nutrients to other cells

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17
Q

Adult sponges

A

sessile (anchored). unable to escape from predators. consequently sponges produce defensive compounds such as antibiotics and toxins to deter pathogens, parasites and predators

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18
Q

Adult sponges are the simplest of all the animals

A

no nerve of muscles. individual cells can sense and react to environmental changes. no true tissues and thought to have evolved from a flagellated protist ancestor

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19
Q

Cnidarians are..

A

eumatozoans. have true tissue

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20
Q

Cnidarians

A

oldest groups within eumatozoans. includes hydras, jellyfish and corals. radial symmetry.

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21
Q

Cnidarians have only two tissue layers…

A

outer epidermis and inner cell layer that ones the digestive cavity. jelly filled middle region which may contain scattered amoebid cells. have contractile tissues and nerves in their simplest forms

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22
Q

Cnidarians have an incomplete gut or gastrointestinal cavity..

A

mouth and no anus (single opening). tentacles surround the mouth opening to assist the trapping and intake food.

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23
Q

Two main body forms within the group Cnidaria and some species occur in..

A

only one form where as others exist in both forms during their lifecycle.

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24
Q

2 main body forms of Cnidarians

A
  • medusa

- polyp

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25
Medusa
motile. swimming. mouth faced downward. organisms umbrella shaped with thick middle layer composed of viscous jelly like material (jellyfish)
26
Polyp
stationary, tubular, tentacles face up. colonial aggregations are the most common. (sea anemone)
27
Cnidocytes
unique stinging cells. function in defence and prey capture. nearly all are carnivous. feeding on small crustaceans and plankton.
28
Defence of Cnidocytes
prey is paralyzed by toxin released during the sting. enters the gastrointestinal cavity via the mouth where digestion takes place with extracellular enzymes
29
Cnidocytes found throughout..
the tentacles and epidermis
30
Platyhelminthes
flatworms. bilateral symmetry and 3 embryonic tissue layer. thin/ribbon like. simplest of the bilaterians. marine, freshwater and damp habitats.
31
GI cavity of Platyhelminthes
one opening into it, GI contains fine branches distributing food through the animal.
32
3 major groups of Platyhelminthes
- planarians - flukes - tapeworms
33
Planarians appearance
free living flatworms. head with pair of light sensitive eyespots. flap at each side of head to detect chemicals. dense packs of nerve cells function as brain.
34
Planarians lifestyle
live on undersurfaces of rocks in streams and freshwater ponds. highly branched GI cavity. sucks good in from mouth at top of muscular tube. use cilia on their ventral surface to crawl. muscles enable them to twist and turn
35
Flukes
parasitic. tough protective covering. suckers attach to host. reproductive organs occupy almost entire interior of these worms. complex life cycle. intermediate host which larva develop. larva infect final host where they will live as adults.
36
Example of flukes
blood flukes that cause schistosomiasisin humans spend a part of their life cycle in snails
37
Tapeworms
Inhibit the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults. Ribbon like body. most evolutionarily advanced of all of the flatworms. Lacks a gut. Nutrients are taken up from the host across the wall of the worm body. The nervous system is also reduced
38
Nematodes
- round worms. - cylindrical worms with a blunt head and a tapered tail. -covered by a tough, non-living cuticle (periodically shed and used as protection and to resist dehydration) - pseudocoelomates: complete digestive tract, mouth and an anus - Free-living - Soil dwelling - Body is composed of a fixed cell number
39
Nematodes parasitic
- big agricultural pests, attack animal and plant roots | - Some cause animal diseases such as heart worm
40
Molluscs
diverse group of invertebrates. terrestrial, marine and fresh water. have separate sexes. bilateral symmetry and 3 tissue layers.
41
Molluscs body ..
- composed of a small, not well defined head, large dorsal visceral mass and a broad, flat ventral foot. - visceral mass covered by the mantle which secretes the shell
42
Molluscs shell
unique character of the molluscs. shell is composed of calcium carbonate (contain gills for respiration).
43
Molluscs lifestyle
have a true coelom. have a circulatory system. feed with a structure called a radula. life cycle includes a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
44
3 major classes of molluscs
- gastropods - bivalves - cephalopods
45
Gastropods
snails and slugs. largest most diverse class. marine, fresh water and terrestrial. only molluscs that live on land. single spiralled shell where animal retreats. distinct head with eyes. terrestrial molluscs lack gills found in aquatic molluscs
46
The lining of the mantle cavity of gastropods functions as..
lung performing gas exchange w air
47
Bivalves
clams, oysters and muscle. shells divided into 2 halves and hinged together. most suspension feeders. gills in mantle cavity sued for feeding and gas exchange. mucous coated gills trap small food particles from water. cilia sweeps particles into mouth. sedentary living in sand/mud. muscular foot for digging/anchoring
48
Cephalopods
squid and octopus. adapted to lifestyle of fast agile predators. beak like jaws and radula to crush/rip prey. mouth is at base of foot, carnivorous, swim vie water jet from mantle cavity. high nervous/locomotive systems. colour change due to threat.
49
Most intelligent invertebrate
octopus
50
Annelids
segmented body composed of a number of sections. which allows mobility for swim/burrow. live on all lands. suspension feeders, savageness, herbivores, carnivores. (indirect source of food/fish bait)
51
Medicinal leeches..
promote healing of tissue grafts and re attach appendages
52
3 major groups of annelids
- polychaeta - earthworms - leeches
53
Polychaeta
largest group. paddle like parapodia function as gills and assist in locomotion. very diverse lifestyle function and form. secrete and occupy tubes. marine, burrow, bottom dwellers live in rocks and shells and can swim when necessary
54
Polychaeta prey/hunt
search for prey on seafloor or live within tubes and filter food particles. extend appendages coated in mucus to trap suspended food particles.
55
Earthworms
- many body structures are repeated in each segment - digestive tract is continuous through worm body - nervous system includes brain and ventral nerve cord: nerve cell cluster in each segment - segments have longitudinal and circular muscles - each segment has bristles that offer traction - closed circulatory system - hermaphrodites (do not self-fertilize)
56
Leeches
- dorso-ventrally flattened - ventral and posterior suckers - parasitic, thriving off of host blood - free-living, carnivorous species as well - eat small invertebrates such as snails - fresh water, marine and terrestrial - razor-like jaws split animal skin - leech secretes anticoagulant and anaesthetic into the wound to prevent pain and blood clotting
57
Arthropoda
largest group of animals. segmented. exoskeletons made of chitin. ecdysis. jointed appendages modified for many different functions. open circulatory system. fluid filled with hemolymph that circulates into space around tissue.
58
Ecdysis
grows and mols into exoskeleton
59
Arthropods subgroup Chelicerates
named for claw like feeding appendages (chelicerae) marine forms are extinct except for horseshoe crab. includes spiders, ticks, mites and scorpions
60
Millipedes
large number of legs and each trunk segment has 2 pairs of legs
61
Centipedes
carnivores, contain jaw like mandibles. one pair of legs per trunk segment.
62
Crustaceans
usually have branched appendages. specialized for feeding locomotion. nearly all aquatic. include lobster, crayfish and barnacles. jointed appendages project from shell to get food from water. anchor to boats using v strong adhesive
63
Barnacles
contain hardened shell containing calcium carbonate.
64
Insects
more numerous/successful.
65
3 part body of insect
- head: sensory antenna, eyes and mouth - thorax: 3 sets of legs, wings - abdomen
66
Incomplete metamorphosis
transition from larva to adult goes through many mols without forming pupa
67
Complete metamorphosis
larvae specialized for eating/growing. very different from adults. adults specialized for dispersal and reproduction
68
Phylum Echinodermata
includes sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins. all marine. deuterostomes. radially symmetrical (bilateral larvae). spines and plates found internally. slow moving/sessile. mouth located on underside (ventral). tube feet for respiration, locomotion and feeding. thin bumpy spiny skin covers endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

Biol 1010 (18 decks)

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