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Biol 1010 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Thermoregulation

A

maintenance of body temp within a tolerable range

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2
Q

Every animal species have an optimal..

A

temp range. (ex: humans 37C)

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3
Q

Endotherms

A

warmed and heated by their own metabolism (humans, birds)

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4
Q

Ectotherms

A

gain most of their head from the environment and other external sources (amphibians, fish)

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5
Q

Heat can be exchanged with the environment in 4 ways..

A
  • conduction
  • convection
  • radiation
  • evaporation
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6
Q

Conduction

A

transfer of heat between molecules by direct contact. heat always moved from the hotter object to colder object

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7
Q

Convection

A

transfer of heat by the movement of fluid across a surface

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8
Q

Radiation

A

emission of electromagnetic waves. can transfer heat between objects that are no in direct contact

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9
Q

Evaporation

A

loss of heat from the surface of liquid. happens when a molecules obtain enough energy to leave the liquid and become gas

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

hormonal changed in cold weather boost metabolic rate of mammals, increasing heat production. moving around more increase heat production

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11
Q

Shivering

A

contraction of skeletal muscle (metabolism)

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12
Q

Insulation

A

hair, feathers, or fat. raising or fur or feathers in response to cold traps heat against surface of body (goosebumps)

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13
Q

Circulation

A

heat loss can be controlled by changing the amount of blood flowing to the skin surface.

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14
Q

Blood vessels near the suave of the skin..

A

dilate and constrict which conserves heat in the bodies trunk when necessary

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15
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

panting, sweating and spreading saliva on bodily surfaces all act to decrease body temp.

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16
Q

Behavioural responses

A

migration od birds to different climates. basking in the sun when cold or seeking shade when hot. bathing functions to cool immediately

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17
Q

Excretion

A

disposal of metabolic wastes. animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes which are products of preteen metabolism.

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18
Q

Ammonia

A

poisonous. water soluble and easily disposed of in animals. converted to urea which is loess topic and much safer to stop within the body.

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19
Q

Urea and uric acid require…

A

energy to produce

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20
Q

Asexual production

A

results in offspring genetically identical to the parent. production of many offspring very quickly.

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21
Q

Binary fission

A

two equally sized cells are produced from one parent cell

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22
Q

Budding

A

two cells of unequal size are produced from one parent cell

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23
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

development of an unfertilized egg

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24
Q

Regeneration

A

entire body parts of some animals can be regenerated. in humans is limited to healing/tissue repair. (liver has extensive regenerative capacity)

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25
4 asexual reproduction
- binary fission - budding - parthenogenesis - regeneration
26
Sexual reproduction
fusion of haploid gametes from 2 parent forms of diploid zygote.
27
Hermaphroditism
both male and female reproductive organs are present on the same animals (humans can have this by mistake)
28
External fertilization
occurs in many fish and amphibians. eggs and sperm are released into water for fertilization into ayer for fertilization tot make place. physical contact is not required. timing is important because eggs must be ripe
29
Internal fertilization
sperm are deposited within or close to the female reproductive tract and gametes unite within the tract. no need for water. requires copulation (sexual intercourse)
30
Organization of the animals nervous system correlates with..
form of body symmetry
31
Animals that are radially symmetrical
- have web like nervous system - diffuse throughout the animal body - no central or peripheral nervous system - ex: net nerve in hydra
32
Bilateral symmetry
organisms tend to move through their environment. requires head with concentrated sensory organs.
33
2 major adaption in the bilateral symmetry
- cephalization: concentration of the nervous system at head end - centralization: CNS distinct from their peripheral nervous system
34
Vertebrate nervous system
highly specialized. vertebrae and skull function to protect nerves
35
CNS
brain and spinal cord
36
PNS
peripheral nerves
37
Salmon use senses to...
find their breeding areas
38
Bears use their sense to..
locate salmon
39
Perception
how the brain interrupts sensory information
40
Sensory receptors
detect stimuli and convert the info into an action potential that is sent to the brain. `
41
Sensory receptors are high specialized and pick up stimuli located within sensory organs like..
eyes, nose, taste buds.
42
5 types of sensory receptors
- pain receptors - thermoreceptors - mechanoreceptors - chemoreceptors - electromagnetic receptors
43
Mechanoreceptors
respond to any changes in mechanical energy such as touch, pressure, sound
44
Chemoreceptors
respond to chemicals. nose and mouth detect chemicals in the environment and that enter the body. internal receptors detect chemicals within the body
45
Electromagnetic receptors
respond to electricity, magnetism and light (photoreceptors)
46
3 different eye types have developed in vertebrates
- simple eye - many lens compound eye of insects - single lens eyes of squid
47
Simple eye
cups that sense light intensity and direction. does no detect an image.
48
Many lens compound eyes of insects
each unit of the animal has a lens and picks up right from a small portion of the field of view. generates a image from that area only. all of the lenses together generate the entire picture which is pixelated.
49
Single lens eyes of squids
similar to a camera. single lends focuses the image using special muscle in the eye
50
Vertebrate eye
single lens. cornea and flexible lends focus the light (via bending) on the retina. which contains photoreceptor cells. light passes through the lens which bends the light ay such that it falls on the tretine
51
Near sighted individuals
only able to see things that are close. object is focuses within the eye and not on the retina
52
Far sighted individuals
only able to see things far away. the object is focused behind the retina
53
Locomotion
active travel from one place to another. animal must be able to overcome both gravity and friction.
54
Animals that swim are supported by..
the body of water but also slowed by the drag created in the water
55
Animals that move on land are ..
less opposed by friction but they must support their body weight against gravity. (ex: hopping, walking, running, crawling)
56
Skeletal support
important for movement, protection and support. muscles pull against skeleton during movement. protects internal organs.
57
Hydrostatic skeleton
fluid held under pressure in a body cavity. worms and cnidarians.
58
Exoskeletons
hard external cases. chitinous, jointed exoskeletons of arthropods. (shells)
59
Endoskeletons
hard/leathery supporting elements within soft tissue of animal.
60
Vertebrate endoskeleton is composed entirely of..
cartilage and bone
61
Sharks have an endoskeleton composed entirely of..
cartilage

Biol 1010 (18 decks)

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