Lecture 10

Question 1

Mosses

Answer 1

gametophyte dominant. the cushiony green growth that we associate with moss is the gametephyte

Question 2

Ferns are..

Answer 2

sporophyte dominant

Question 3

All seed plants have a special structure within the sporophyte where..

Answer 3

all stages of reproduction occur (spores, eggs, sperm, zygote, embryo)

Question 4

In gymnosperms the specialized structure is called..

Answer 4

a cone

Question 5

Each scaled of the cone contains

Answer 5

sporangia which produce spores by meiosis

Question 6

The gymnosperms are not released but give rise to…

Answer 6

gametophytes within the cone structure. the gametophytes go on to produce games which then unite and for a new sporophyte

Question 7

Only group not sporophyte dominant

Answer 7

moss

Question 8

Pollen cones

Answer 8

smaller cones and produce male gametophytes, contain many sporangia (produces many haploid spores from meiosis)

Question 9

Pollen cones are transferred and carried by..

Answer 9

the wind

Question 10

Mature pollen cones release..

Answer 10

millions of microscopic pollen grains in clouds

Question 11

Pollen cones contain cells that will..

Answer 11

develop into sperm if they land on a cone containing a female gametophyte

Question 12

The ovulate cone producing the female gametophyte is..

Answer 12

larger than a pony cone

Question 13

Each of the female cones stiff scales contains..

Answer 13

a pair of ovules

Question 14

Each ovule on the cone contains a..

Answer 14

sporangium covered by a protective covering call the integument

Question 15

How does pollination of gymnosperms occur

Answer 15

when a pollen grain lands on an ovulate scale and enters an ovule. `

Question 16

Following gymnosperm pollination the scales..

Answer 16

grow together sealing the cone until the seeds are mature and now meiosis occur in a spore mother cell within the ovule

Question 17

Over the course of months one surviving haploid spore will..

Answer 17

develop into the female gametophyte, that produce eggs

Question 18

Development of the female gametophyte

Answer 18

tiny tube grows out of the pollen grain, this tube digests it way though the ovule, eventually sperm is released near an egg.

Question 19

Gametophyte fertilization usually occurs..

Answer 19

more than a year after pollination

Question 20

How many eggs of an gymnosperm is usually fertilized

Answer 20

all eggs are. but only one of these zygotes will fully develop into a sporophyte embryo

Question 21

How the gymnosperm ovule matures into a seed

Answer 21

• seed contain the embryos food supply and tough seed coat
• food supply is the remains of the female gametophyte
• seed coat is ovules integument
• typically seeds are shed 2 yrs after pollination (dispersed by wind)

Question 22

Under favourable conditions the gymnosperm seeds will…

Answer 22

germinate and its embryo will develop into a pine seedling

Question 23

Flowers are..

Answer 23

the site of pollination and fertilization

Question 24

Flowers house separate..

Answer 24

male and female sporangia and gametophytes

Question 25

Floral structures are attached in..

Answer 25

a circle to a receptacle at the base of the flower

Question 26

Outer layer of the circle contains..

Answer 26

sepals which are usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

Question 27

Inner layer of the circle contains..

Answer 27

petals that are noticeable and attract pollinators. key to success

Question 28

Removal of the flower petals reveals..

Answer 28

the stamen filaments

Question 29

At the tope of the stamen filaments is the..

Answer 29

anther. which is a sac containing the male sporangia that will release pollen

Question 30

Carpel

Answer 30

structure located at the centre of the flower, its the female reproductive structure (ovary) contains a sporangium that will produce female gametophyte and become a seed

Question 31

The ovary of the carpel will mature into...

Answer 31

a fruit which aids in seed dispersal

Question 32

Angiosperms

Answer 32

sporophyte dominant, gametophyte generation is produced within its body.

Question 33

Meiosis of angiosperms occurs within the anther of the flower and produces..

Answer 33

haploid spores which undergo mitosis and form the male gametophyte

Question 34

Meiosis in the angiosperm ovule produces a

Answer 34

haploid spore that undergo mitosis and forms the new cells of the female gametophyte and one of the cells becomes an egg

Question 35

Angiosperm pollination occurs when a pollen..

Answer 35

grain lands on the stigma. carried by either wind or animal

Question 36

How the angiosperm fertilizes the egg

Answer 36

tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule and a sperm fertilizes the egg and forms a zygote

Question 37

Angiosperm seed develops from

Answer 37

each ovule and consists of an embryo (new sporophyte) surrounded by a seed coat and food supply

Question 38

As angiosperm seed develops the

Answer 38

ovaries wall thickens and forms the fruit that encloses the seed

Question 39

When the conditions are favourable the angiosperm germinates and

Answer 39

as the embryo grows it uses the food supply from the seed until it can begin photosynthesis and develops into mature sporophyte (complete life cycle)

Question 40

Flowers attract ..

Answer 40

animals which carry pollen more reliable than wind and key adoption of angiosperms.

Question 41

Fertilization of angiosperm occurs

Answer 41

just 12 hrs after pollination

Question 42

Fruit

Answer 42

ripened ovary of the flower that aids in seed dispersal.

Question 43

During development the fruits remain..

Answer 43

green and thus camouflaged against backdrop

Question 44

When fruit ripens it

Answer 44

becomes brightly colours advertising their presence to animals

Question 45

When fruit is eaten

Answer 45

most of the seed which are tough pass unharmed through the digestive tract of the animal then it gets deposited

Question 46

Red maple has..

Answer 46

panthers but no petals and relies on wind for pollinate and massive amounts of pollen must be produced to ensure fertilization

Question 47

Columbine

Answer 47

elaborate flower with vibrate colour. associated w high energy cost and investment pays off when a pollinator carries the plants pollen to another flower

Question 48

Estimated that 90% of angiosperms use

Answer 48

animals for pollination

Question 49

Flowers produce pollinators meal in form of

Answer 49

nectar which is a high energy fluid

Question 50

2 major groups of angiosperms are..

Answer 50

monocots and eudicots and groups according to first leaves that appear on the plant embryo

Question 51

Seed leaves/cotyledons

Answer 51

embryonic leaves

Question 52

Monocots have..

Answer 52

one cotyledon

Question 53

Eudicots have..

Answer 53

two cotyledons

Question 54

Monocots

Answer 54

large group (lilies, orchids) leaves w parallel veins, stems contain vascular tissues arranged in scattered bundles, flowers contain petals and roots form a shallow fibrous system spreading out below the soil surface (reduces erosion)

Question 55

Eudicots

Answer 55

most common for angiosperms. (shrubs, trees, fruit, votable) multi branched network of veins, vascular buddies arranged in a ring, petals and other parts are found in arrangements of 4 or 5 and root is large and vertical (taproot)