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Biol 1010 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi

A

one of 4 kingdoms in domain eukarya. more closely related to animals than to plants. found in soil and water.

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2
Q

Fungi heterotrophs

A

do not eat their food like most heterotrophs. secret enzymes that digest food extracellularly and then absorb the resulting nutrients.

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3
Q

Parasitic fungi obtain their nutrients..

A

at the expense of plants or animals

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4
Q

Typical fungus is composed of..

A
  • hyphae

- cell wall

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5
Q

Hyphae

A

threadlike filaments which branch repeatedly forming a feeding network known as mycelium.

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6
Q

Fungus cell wall

A

made of chitin, which i strong and flexible (made of nitrogen containing polysaccharide) surround the hyphae.

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7
Q

Chains of cells separated by cross walls of the hyphae contain..

A

pores large enough to permit the exchange of large organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria and nuclei to pass from cell to cell.

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8
Q

Fungi that lack cross walls

A

contain many nuclei within a single mass of cytoplasm

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9
Q

Fungal mycelium growth

A

very rapid. branches through food sources and explores new territories. grow longer without corresponding increase in thickness to increase surface area for secretion of digestive enzymes/absorption.

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10
Q

Mycelium can add as much as …

A

1 km of new hyphae each day

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11
Q

Fungi/spore reproduction can either be..

A

sexually or asexually.

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12
Q

If a fungi spore lands in a mount environment with food supply…

A

it will germinate producing new fungus.

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13
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungi results when..

A

2 haploid mycelia of different mating types release sexual signals, growing toward one another and fusing.

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14
Q

Asexual fungi reproduction

A

large number of haploid spores are released and are transported over large distances (wind/water)

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15
Q

Heterokaryotic stage

A

cytoplasmic fusion is not immediately followed by fusion of the nuclei. contains two genetically distinct haploid nuclei. hours/days may pass before nuclei fuse giving rise to generally short lived diploid phase. zygotes undergo meiosis within special reproductive structures producing haploid spores

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16
Q

What only reproduce sexually

A

molds and yeasts (imperfect fungi)

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17
Q

Mold

A

refers to any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually via spore reproduction. spores usually at the tips of specialized hyphae. found on rotting fruits/breads

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18
Q

Yeast

A

refers to any single celled fungus. reproduce asexually via budding. inhabit moist habitats and liquids (animal tissue/plant sap)

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19
Q

How many fungal species have been described..

A

100,000 but there may be more than 1.5 million

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20
Q

Fungi diverged from..

A

unikont ancestor more than 1 billion years ago (fossil evidence from 460 mill yrs ago)

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21
Q

Sexual reproductive structures are often used to..

A

classify fungi species. all but one of the groups lack flagellated spores

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22
Q

5 types of fungi

Study These Flashcards
A
  • chrytrids
  • zygomycetes
  • glomeromyctes
  • ascomyctes
  • basidiomyctes
23
Q

Chytrids

Study These Flashcards
A

only fungi with flagellates spores. thought to represent the earliest linage of fungi. found in lakes, ponds and soil. can be decomposers of parasitic. (ex: decline in frog population)

24
Q

Zygomycetes

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A

characterized by their resistant zygosporangium (within they form by meiosis). includes fast growing mols (black bread mold), molds that rot produce, and animal parasites

25
Glomeromycetes
form distinct mycorrhizae. contain arbuscules. 80% of plants have symbiotic partnership with glomeromyctes. they deliver phosphate/ other minerals to plants while receiving organic nutrients in exchange
26
Arbuscules
hyphae that invade plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures. in glomeromyctes fungi group
27
Ascomycetes
(sac fungi) contain sac like structures called asci like produces spores via sexual reproduction. live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. wade range in size (unicellular to multicellular) some of most devastating plant pathogens. other live in symbiosis with green algae/bacteria
28
Basidiomycetes
(club fungi) most well known group of fungi (mushrooms). named after basidium which is club shaped spore producing structure. many species are excellent at breaking down lignin found in wood. decomposers.
29
Basidiomycetes includes two groups of destructive plant parasites..
- rusts | - smuts
30
Zygomycetes
hyphae expand through food and fungus reproduces asexually. produces spores in sponge at tips of hyphae. when food is depleted the fungus reproduces sexually
31
Mycelia of different mating types join and produce a cell containing nuclei from both parents..
young zygosporangium develops into a thick-walled structure able to tolerate dry or harsh environment. when conditions are favorable the two parent nuclei fuse and the diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis. haploid spores are produced
32
Ascomycetes also reproduce asexually when conditions..
conditions are favourable.
33
Sexual reproduction of fungi occurs in the fall then..
haploid spores then mature in the spring
34
Genetic diversity of new spores increases the likelihood that..
at least one genotype will survive and successfully establish itself in the new environment encountered in the new season.
35
Surviving individuals will reproduce asexually for many generation before..
once again reproducing sexually
36
Basidiomycete life cycle (mushroom
heterokaryotic stage begins when 2 hyphae from 2 different mating types fuse. heterokaryotic mycelium is formed and grows producing the mushroom.
37
Mushroom production
club shaped cells called basidia (line gills of the mushroom) haploid nuclei fuse forming diploid nuclei. each diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis producing haploid spores. may release up to a billion spores. should the spores land on moist matter that may serve as food source they will germinate and become haploid mycelia
38
Approx. 30% of all known fungi are..
parasites or pathogens. , mainly of plants
39
Dutch elm disease
accidentally introduced into US from Europe logs, over decades it destroyed 70% of elm tress in eastern US. english elms were completely wiped out.
40
Dutch elm trees being wiped out showed that..
DNA analysis revealed that all of these trees were genetically identical. derived by asexual reproduction so all susceptible to the disease. crops are usually genetically identical so highly susceptible.
41
Approx. 80% of plant diseases are caused by..
fungus
42
Corn infected with smut (club fungus)
greyish growth called galls. gall made of heterotrophic hyphae which invade a developing corn kernel and displace it. mature gall will open releasing thousands of greyish black spores
43
Mycosis
fungal infection
44
Animal fungal infections
range from minor infections which are irritating such a athletes foot to very serious such as coccidiomycosis, fungal infection of lungs
45
Yeasts cause what infections in humans
vaginal and many opportunistic infection in AIDS patient and other immunocompromised patients
46
Lichens
fungi living in close associating with photosynthetic organisms. association green algae or cyanobacteria wrapped around mass of fungal hyphae. fungus obtain foods from photosynthetic partner and final mycelium provides habitat for algae. (absorb and retain water/minerals). recipes most of its nutrients/minerals from air
47
Lichens habitats
areas with little or no soil. pioneers of new land. tolerate severe cold. carpets of them cover arctic tundra. withstand sever draught. grows in spurts under favourable conditions.
48
When it rains lichen ..
absorbs water and photosynthesizes.
49
In air dry the lichen...
dehydrates and photosynthesis stops indefinitely whole the fungus remains alive
50
Lichens are very sensitive to..
air borne pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. death is sign of poor air quality.
51
Fungus are decomposers which produce..
enzyme that digest plant material such as cellulose.
52
Ants and termites relationship w fungi.
cellulose digesting enzymes are important to the ant which raise the fungus in farms. then cultivate fungal gardens bringing leaves to host. fungi feed on leaves using their enzymes to break down cellulose which ants can't digest themselves. ants harvest swollen fungal tips as food. some fungi are dependent on ants they cannot survive without them
53
When a queen ant establishes a new colony she..
takes the fungal hyphae along with her in pic in her mouth.
54
Importance of fungi
- mushrooms - cheeses (blue cheese) - yeasts used to produce alcohol - antibiotic production (penicillium mols for penicillin)

Biol 1010 (18 decks)

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