Lecture Exam 1 - Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
__________ – superficial epithelium
A
Epidermis
2
Q
__________ – underneath, made up of connective tissue
A
Dermis
3
Q
6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:
- Regulates __________
- Stores blood
- Protects body from the __________
- Detects cutaneous sensations
- Excretes and absorbs substances
- Synthesizes vitamin D
A
- body temperature
- external environment
4
Q
6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:
- Regulates body temperature
- Stores
- Protects body from the external environment
- Detects cutaneous sensations
- __________ and __________ substances
- Synthesizes vitamin D
A
- blood
- Excretes
- absorbs
5
Q
6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:
- Regulates body temperature
- Stores blood
- Protects body from the external environment
- Detects __________ sensations
- Excretes and absorbs substances
- Synthesizes __________
A
- cutaneous
- vitamin D
6
Q
__________ skin – covers most of the body
- Four layers of keratinocytes
- About as thick as a plastic sandwich bag
A
Thin
7
Q
Thin skin – covers most of the body
- Four layers of __________
- About as thick as a __________
A
- keratinocytes
- plastic sandwich bag
8
Q
__________ skin – palms of the hands and soles of the feet
-As thick as a paper towel
A
Thick
9
Q
Thick skin – palms of the hands and soles of the feet
-As thick as a __________
A
-paper towel
10
Q
Cells of the Epidermis:
-
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cells
A
- Keratinocytes
- Langerhans cells
11
Q
Cells of the Epidermis:
-Langerhans cells
-
A
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cells
12
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – epithelial cells of epidermis
- Several layers of cells
- Produce keratin
A
Keratinocytes
13
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Keratinocytes – epithelial cells of epidermis
- __________ layers of cells
- Produce __________
A
- Several
- keratin
14
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – found in the deepest layer, produce brown/black pigment melanin
- Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
- Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
A
Melanocytes
15
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Melanocytes – found in the deepest layer, produce brown/black pigment __________
- Contributes to skin color and absorbs __________
- Projections transfer melanin to __________
A
- melanin
- UV light
- keratinocytes
16
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – part of the immune system that responds to invaders that make it through the outer layer of skin
A
Langerhans cells
17
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Langerhans cells – part of the immune system that responds to __________ that make it through the outer layer of __________
A
- invaders
- skin
18
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – connected to a sensory neuron called a Merkel disc
-Function together in the sensation of touch
A
Merkel cells
19
Q
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Merkel cells – connected to a sensory neuron called a Merkel disc
-Function together in the __________ of touch
A
sensation
20
Q
5 Layers of the Epidermis are:
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Corneum
A
- basale
- Lucidum
21
Q
5 Layers of the Epidermis are:
- Stratum basale
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum __________
A
- Spinosum
- Corneum
22
Q
5 Layers of the Epidermis are:
- Stratum basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Corneum
A
Granulosum
23
Q
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________ – deepest layer
- Main cells are basal cells – single row of stem cells that reproduce to replace keratinocytes that are shed
- Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – give skin its color
A
basale
24
Q
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum basale – deepest layer
- Main cells are basal cells – single row of __________ cells that reproduce to replace __________ that are shed
- Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – give skin its color
A
- stem
- keratinocytes
25
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum basale – deepest layer
1. Main cells are basal cells – single row of stem cells that reproduce to replace keratinocytes that are shed
2. __________ cells – sensitive to touch
3. Melanocytes – give skin its __________
- Merkel
| - color
26
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________ – made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that migrate from the stratum basale
1. Cells have lost some cytoplasm – look “spiky” when under a microscope, but spines are not present in life
Spinosum
27
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Spinosum – made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that migrate from the stratum __________
1. Cells have lost some __________ – look “spiky” when under a microscope, but spines are not present in life
- basale
| - cytoplasm
28
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________ – “grainy” layer
1. Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
2. Cells are undergoing apoptosis – programmed cell death
3. Lamellar granules – found within keratinocytes
a. Release lipid-rich secretion
b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides waterproofing
Granulosum
29
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Granulosum – “grainy” layer
1. Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
2. Cells are undergoing __________ – programmed cell death
3. __________ granules – found within keratinocytes
a. Release lipid-rich secretion
b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides waterproofing
- apoptosis
| - Lamellar
30
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Granulosum – “grainy” layer
1. Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
2. Cells are undergoing apoptosis – programmed cell death
3. Lamellar granules – found within keratinocytes
a. Release __________-rich secretion
b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides __________
- lipid
| - waterproofing
31
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________
1. Only present in thick skin
2. Cells are flattened, packed together, and full of keratin
Lucidum
32
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Lucidum
1. Only present in __________ skin
2. Cells are __________, packed together, and full of keratin
- thick
| - flattened
33
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________
1. Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of cells
2. Made up of dead cells filled with keratin that are tightly connected by desmosomes
- Provides extra protection
Corneum
34
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Corneum
1. Most superficial layer; __________ layers of cells
2. Made up of __________ cells filled with keratin that are tightly connected by __________
- Provides extra protection
- 20-30
- dead
- desmosomes
35
__________ – produce brown/black pigment melanin
- Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
- Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
- Melanin granules congregate over the nucleus to protect DNA from UV light
Melanocytes
36
Melanocytes – produce brown/black __________ melanin
- Contributes to __________ color and absorbs UV light
- Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
- Melanin granules congregate over the nucleus to __________ DNA from UV light
- pigment
- skin
- protect
37
Melanin - Color of skin is __________ determined by the number of melanocytes (about the same in all people)
-Determined by the __________ of melanin produced and how long it persists in the keratinocytes
- not
| - amount
38
__________ - Color of skin is not determined by the number of melanocytes (about the same in all people)
-Determined by the amount of melanin produced and how long it __________ in the __________
- persists
| - keratinocytes
39
Melanin - Exposure to sun stimulates __________
– melanin provides __________ for the nuclei of keratinocytes (gives us a tan)
-Over-exposure can damage the DNA, which can lead to skin cancer
- production
| - protection
40
Melanin - Exposure to sun stimulates production
– melanin provides protection for the nuclei of __________ (gives us a tan)
-Over-exposure can damage the __________, which can lead to skin __________
- keratinocytes
- DNA
- cancer
41
Carotene – __________ pigment
| -Carotene is converted to vitamin __, which is important to eye function
- orange/yellow
| - A
42
Hemoglobin – __________ pigment found in red blood cells
| -Gives skin __________ color
- red
| - pink
43
-Abnormal skin color-
Redness (erythema) – indicates __________, fever, __________, inflammation, or __________
- embarrassment
- hypertension
- allergies
44
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ (blanching) – emotional stress, anemia, or hypotension
Pallor
45
-Abnormal skin color-
Pallor (blanching) – emotional __________, anemia, or __________
- stress
| - hypotension
46
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – liver malfunction, causes skin and eyes to turn yellow
Jaundice
47
-Abnormal skin color-
Jaundice – liver malfunction, causes __________ and eyes to turn __________
- skin
| - yellow
48
-Abnormal skin color-
Reduction in blood flow makes skin __________
-Sustained reduction can result in __________
- pale
| - cyanosis
49
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – pituitary gland malfunction, causes bronzing
Addison’s disease
50
-Abnormal skin color-
Addison’s disease – pituitary __________ malfunction, causes __________
- gland
| - bronzing
51
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – immune system attacks normal melanocytes
-Causes skin to lighten in patches
Vitiligo
52
-Abnormal skin color-
Vitiligo – immune system attacks normal __________
-Causes skin to __________ in patches
- melanocytes
| - lighten
53
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – indicates embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergies
Redness (erythema)
54
3 types of skin cancer:
- __________ cell carcinoma
- __________ Cell Carcinoma
- __________
- Basal
- Squamous
- Melanomas
55
-3 types of skin cancer-
Basal cell carcinoma – affects the cells in the stratum basal; __________ malignant and __________ common
- Affects __% of white people
- Appears on the face and looks like a large pimple
- Doesn’t metastasize before it’s noticed
- Five year survival rate is 95%
- least
- most
- 30
56
-3 types of skin cancer-
Basal cell carcinoma
- Appears on the __________ and looks like a large pimple
- Doesn’t __________ before it’s noticed
- Five year survival rate is __%
- face
- metastasize
- 95
57
-3 types of skin cancer-
__________ Cell Carcinoma – affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Squamous
58
-3 types of skin cancer-
Squamous Cell Carcinoma –
- Appears as a scaly red mark on the __________ or hands
- Grows and metastasizes rapidly, but can be __________ surgically or with radiation
- head
| - removed
59
-3 types of skin cancer-
Melanomas – cancer of the melanocytes
- Highly __________ and resistant to treatment
- Can appear spontaneously, but 1/3 come from __________
- metastatic
| - moles
60
-3 types of skin cancer-
__________ -
- Highly metastatic and resistant to treatment
- Can appear spontaneously, but 1/3 come from moles
Melanomas
61
-3 types of skin cancer-
Squamous Cell Carcinoma – affects the keratinocytes of the stratum __________
spinosum
62
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
1.
2. Border irregularity
3.
4. Diameter
5.
- Asymmetry
- Color
- Elevation
63
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
1. Asymmetry – two sides don’t __________
2. Border __________ – border isn’t __________
3. Color – several colors
4. Diameter – larger around than a pencil eraser
5. Elevation – raised above the skin
- match
- irregularity
- smooth
64
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
1. Asymmetry – two sides don’t match
2. Border irregularity – border isn’t smooth
3. Color – __________ colors
4. Diameter – larger around than a pencil __________
5. Elevation – raised __________ the skin
- several
- eraser
- above
65
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
```
1. Asymmetry
2.
3. Color
4.
5. Elevation
```
- Border
| - Diameter
66
-Two major Dermis components-
__________ – made up of loose areolar connective tissue
Papillary region
67
-Two major Dermis components-
__________ – made up of dense irregular connective tissue
Reticular layer
68
-Two major Dermis components-
__________ :
-Contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the skin
Papillary region
69
-Two major Dermis components-
Papillary region:
-Contains the blood vessels, __________ vessels, and __________ that supply the skin
- lymphatic
| - nerves
70
Reticular layer:
- Contains both __________ and elastic fibers
- Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers allow some flexibility, but limit it to prevent __________
- Water content also helps skin maintain flexibility and resilience
- Collagen fibers extend into the papillary layer and the hypodermis – holds the body together
- collagen
| - damage
71
Reticular layer:
- Contains both collagen and elastic fibers
- Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers allow some flexibility, but limit it to prevent damage
- __________ content also helps skin maintain flexibility and resilience
- Collagen fibers extend into the papillary layer and the __________ – holds the body together
- Water
| - hypodermis
72
The __________ Lies deep to the epidermis, superficial to the __________
- Dermis
| - hypodermis
73
```
Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermic):
Made up of __________ and __________ tissue
```
- adipose
| - areolar
74
5 functions of hair:
1. __________ from UV radiation
2. Cushions blows
3. __________ the head
4. Traps particles (nose, ears, and eyelashes)
5. Acts as __________ receptors
- Protects scalp
- Insulates
- sensory
75
5 functions of hair:
1. Protects scalp from UV radiation
2. __________ blows
3. Insulates the head
4. Traps __________ (nose, ears, and eyelashes)
5. Acts as sensory receptors
- Cushions
| - particles
76
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – projects from the skin
Shaft
77
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – part deep to the shaft that penetrates down into the dermis and sometimes the hypodermis
Root
78
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – extend from the surface to the dermis and hypodermis
Hair follicle
79
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – bundle of sensory nerves
Root hair plexus
80
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – muscle connected to each hair
-Makes hair stand on end
Arrector pili
81
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – made up of epithelial cells
-Responsible for producing hair
Hair bulb
82
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – peg of blood vessels and nerves that nourish growing hair
Hair papilla
83
__________ :
| -Discharge oil into hair follicles
Sebaceous (oil) glands
84
Oil is called sebum- 3 functions:
1. Inhibits __________ of bacteria
2. __________ and protects hair shaft
3. __________ skin
- growth
- Lubricates
- Conditions
85
__________ sweat glands – found in the armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region
Apocrine
86
__________ sweat glands –
a. Empty into hair follicles
b. Secretions contain water and salts as well as fatty acids and proteins
c. Controlled by hormones – doesn’t help with body temperature regulation
Apocrine
87
Apocrine sweat glands –
a. Empty into __________ follicles
b. Secretions contain water and __________ as well as fatty acids and proteins
c. Controlled by __________
- hair
- salts
- hormones
88
Eccrine sweat glands -
a. Coiled gland, duct goes up to the surface and opens through a __________
b. __________- than apocrine glands, but more __________
c. Sweat is 99% water – also contains salt, antibodies, proteins, and wastes
d. Functions:
i. Body temperature regulation
ii. Excretion of water and electrolytes
iii. Protection from chemicals and microorganisms
- pore
- Smaller
- numerous
89
Eccrine sweat glands -
a. Coiled gland, duct goes up to the surface and opens through a pore
b. Smaller than apocrine glands, but more numerous
c. Sweat is __% water – also contains salt, antibodies, proteins, and wastes
d. Functions:
i. Body temperature __________
ii. Excretion of water and electrolytes
iii. Protection from __________ and microorganisms
- 99
- regulation
- chemicals
90
Nails are made up of hard __________
Keratin
91
Immediate danger of burns are __________ – leads to __________ failure and circulatory shock
- fluid loss
| - renal
92
Secondary danger of burns are __________ because of the loss of the __________ coating
- infection
| - protective
93
___ degree burns – redness, swelling, and pain (sunburn)
| Damages only the __________
- 1st
| - epidermis
94
___ degree burns –redness, swelling, and pain, with blisters
| -Damages the epidermis and possibly the __________ part of the dermis
- 2nd
| - upper
95
___ degree burns affect the entire thickness of the skin
- Appears gray or blackened, but it’s not painful because __________ endings have been destroyed
- Skin will __________, but grafts are used because of fluid loss and risk of infections
- 3rd
- nerve
- regenerate
96
Burns are considered Critical if:
- Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
- Over 10% has 3rd degree
- 3rd degree burns on the __________ , hands, or feet
- -Burns on the face can indicate burns affecting the __________ system
- face
| - respiratory
97
Burns are considered Critical if:
- Over __% of the body has 2nd degree burns
- Over 10% has __ degree
- 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, or feet
- -Burns on the face can indicate burns affecting the respiratory system
- 25
| - 3rd
