Lecture Exam 2 - Chapter 6 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Which is a function of the skeletal system?

(a) support, (b) hematopoietic site, (c) storage, (d) providing levers for muscle activity, (e) all of these.

(e) all of these

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A bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely

(a) a long bone, (b) a short bone, (c) a at bone,
(d) an irregular bone.

(b) a short bone

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The shaft of a long bone is properly called the

(a) epiphysis, (b) periosteum, (c) diaphysis, (d) compact bone.

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An osteon has

(a) a central canal carrying blood vessels,
(b) concentric lamellae, (c) osteocytes in lacunae, (d) canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal, (e) all of these.

(e) all of these

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The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?
(a) chondrocytes and osteocytes, (b) osteoblasts and osteoclasts, (c) chondroblasts and osteoclasts, (d) osteoblasts and osteocytes.

(b) osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by
(a) hematoma formation, (b) brocartilaginous callus formation, (c) bone remodeling, (d) formation of granulation tissue.

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The fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is

(a) greenstick, (b) compound, (c) simple,
(d) comminuted, (e) compression.

(a) greenstick

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_________ bones – longer than they are wide

Long

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_________ bones – small and boxy; length and width close to equal

Short

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_________ bones – have thin parallel surfaces

Flat

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_________ bones – complex shapes

Irregular

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_________ bones – small and flat; develop inside tendons

Sesamoid

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-Type of Bone-

_________: humerus, ulna, radius, and femur

Long

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-Type of Bone-

Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle

Short

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-Type of Bone-

Cranial bones, ribs, and sternum

Flat

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_________ bones – flat bones found in the suture lines of the skull

Sutural (Wormian)

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-Type of Bone-

Vertebrae, bones of the pelvis

Irregular

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-Type of Bone-

Patella (kneecap), also commonly found in the hands, feet, and knees

Sesamoid -

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-Functions of Bones-

_________ – provides structural support for the entire body

Support

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-Functions of Bones-

_________ - Surround soft tissue – ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs, skull protects the brain

Protection

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-Functions of Bones-

_________ – skeletal muscle is attached to bone so it pulls on the bone when it contracts

Movement

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-Functions of Bones-

_________ – stores calcium and phosphorus
-Minerals are released into the blood when need

Mineral homeostasis

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-Functions of Bones-

_________ - Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and other blood elements

Blood cell production

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-Functions of Bones-

_________ - Yellow marrow stores fat

Storage of lipids

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-Functions of Bones- _________ – produce osteocalcin -Hormone involved in insulin secretion and glucose balance

Hormone production

-Functions of Bones- ``` -Support - -Movement - -Blood cell production -Storage of lipids -Hormone production ```

- Protection | - Mineral homeostasis

-Functions of Bones- -Support -Protection - -Mineral homeostasis -Blood cell production - -Hormone production

- Movement | - Storage of lipids

-Functions of Bones- -Support -Protection -Movement -Mineral homeostasis - -Storage of lipids -

- Blood cell production | - Hormone production

- Long Bones - _________ – shaft of the bone

Diaphysis

- Long Bones - Diaphysis – shaft of the bone -Thick layer of _________ bone that surrounds the _________ cavity

- compact | - marrow

- Long Bones - _________ – end of the bone

Epiphysis

- Long Bones - Epiphysis – end of the bone a. Usually wider than the _________ b. Made up of _________ (or cancellous) bone c. Ends are covered with hyaline cartilage d. Epiphyseal plate – growth plate

- diaphysis | - spongy

- Long Bones - Epiphysis – end of the bone a. Usually wider than the diaphysis b. Made up of spongy (or cancellous) bone c. Ends are covered with _________ cartilage d. Epiphyseal plate – _________ plate

- hyaline | - growth

- Long Bones - _________ – hyaline cartilage that covers the end of a bone

Articular cartilage

- Long Bones - _________ – dense irregular connective tissue that encloses bone

Periosteum

- Long Bones - _________ – space in the middle of the bone

Medullary (marrow) cavity

- Long Bones - _________ – membrane that lines the inside of the medullary cavity

Endosteum

Chemical composition of _________ : - ½ hydroxyapatite - ¼ collagen - ¼ water

bone matrix

Chemical composition of bone matrix: - ½ _________ - ¼ collagen - ¼ _________

- hydroxyapatite | - water

Chemical composition of bone matrix: - __ hydroxyapatite - __ collagen - __ water

- ½ - ¼ - ¼

_________ - Makes bone very hard to resist compression | -Also very brittle and inflexible

hydroxyapatite

_________ - Helps resist tension (pulling) | -Gives bone some flexibility

collagen

_________ – shock absorption

water

-Cells found in Bone- _________ – stem cells that develop into osteoblasts

Osteogenic cells

-Cells found in Bone- _________ – immature bone cells

Osteoblasts

-Cells found in Bone- _________ – mature bone cells; found inside a lacuna

Osteocytes

-Cells found in Bone- _________ – cells that break down and remove bone

Osteoclasts

-Cells found in Bone- Osteogenic cells - Found on the inside of the _________ and endosteum and in canals that contain _________

- periosteum | - blood vessels

-Cells found in Bone- Osteoblasts - Make and secrete _________ fibers and ingredients of _________

- collagen | - matrix

-Cells found in Bone- Osteocytes - Maintain the bone _________ -Repair damaged _________

- matrix | - bone

-Cells found in Bone- Osteoclasts - Helps to maintain the _________ and phosphate levels in the _________

- calcium | - blood

-Cells found in Bone- _________ - Found on the inside of the periosteum and endosteum and in canals that contain blood vessels

Osteogenic cells

-Cells found in Bone- _________ - Make and secrete collagen fibers and ingredients of matrix

Osteoblasts

-Cells found in Bone- _________ - Maintain the bone matrix -Repair damaged bone

Osteocytes

-Cells found in Bone- _________ - Helps to maintain the calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

Osteoclasts

_________ – membrane that covers every bone

Periosteum

Functions of the Periosteum: - _________ from surrounding tissues - Provides route for _________ and nerves - Helps in bone growth and repair

- Isolates bone | - blood vessels

Functions of the Periosteum: - Isolates bone from surrounding tissues - _________ for blood vessels and nerves - Helps in bone _________ and _________

- Provides route - growth - repair

Functions of the _________ : - Isolates bone from surrounding tissues - Provides route for blood vessels and nerves - Helps in bone growth and repair

Periosteum

_________ – collagen fibers from tendons, ligaments, and periosteum that attach them to the bone

Sharpey’s fibers

Sharpey’s fibers – collagen fibers from tendons, ligaments, and _________ that _________ them to the _________

- periosteum - attach - bone

_________ – functional unit of compact bone; each one looks like a cross section of a tree

Osteon

- Osteon - _________ – middle of the osteon - Contain blood vessels, nerve, and a lymphatic vessel - Run parallel to the surface of the bone

Central (or Haversian) canals

- Osteon - Central (or Haversian) canals – middle of the osteon - Contain _________, nerve, and a _________ vessel - Run parallel to the surface of the bone

- blood vessels | - lymphatic

- Osteon - _________ – travel perpendicular to the central canals

Perforating (or Volkmann’s) canals

- Osteon - Perforating (or Volkmann’s) canals - Provide _________ to the osteons and _________ tissue

- blood | - bone marrow

- Osteon - _________ – layers of matrix

Lamellae

- Osteon - Lamellae – Contains _________ fibers that run at angles to add _________ and resilience

- collagen | - strength

- Osteon - _________ – “little lakes” – spaces in between lamellae that contain osteocytes

Lacunae

- Osteon - Lacunae – “little lakes” – spaces in between _________ that contain _________

- lamellae | - osteocytes

- Osteon - _________ – “small channels” – canals that connect lacunae with one another and the Haversian canal

Canaliculi

- Osteon - Canaliculi – “small channels” – canals that connect _________ with one another and the _________ canal

- lacunae | - Haversian

_________ : - No osteons - Matrix is arranged in trabeculae – thin columns of bone that form a network - Found in areas of lower stress - Can resist forces from many directions - Much lighter than compact bone – reduces the weight of the skeleton - Contains red bone marrow – red blood cell formation

-Spongy Bone Structure-

-Spongy Bone Structure- - No osteons - Matrix is arranged in _________ – thin columns of _________ that form a network - Found in areas of lower stress - Can resist forces from many directions - Much lighter than compact bone – reduces the weight of the skeleton - Contains red bone marrow – red blood cell formation

- trabeculae | - bone

-Spongy Bone Structure- - No osteons - Matrix is arranged in trabeculae – thin columns of bone that form a network - Found in areas of lower _________ - Can resist _________ from many directions - Much _________ than compact bone – reduces the weight of the skeleton - Contains red bone marrow – red blood cell formation

- stress - forces - lighter

-Spongy Bone Structure- - No osteons - Matrix is arranged in trabeculae – thin columns of bone that form a network - Found in areas of lower stress - Can resist forces from many directions - Much lighter than compact bone – reduces the _________ of the skeleton - Contains _________ bone marrow – red blood cell _________

- weight - red - formation

_________ – thin columns of bone that form a network

trabeculae

-Three sets of vessels in a long bone- _________ – main artery and vein that invade during development

Nutrient artery and vein

-Three sets of vessels in a long bone- _________ – provide blood supply to the developing bone at the epiphyseal cartilage

Epiphyseal vessels

-Three sets of vessels in a long bone- _________ – provide blood to the superficial osteons

Periosteal blood vessels

_________ in a long bone- - Nutrient artery and vein - Epiphyseal vessels - Periosteal blood vessels

-Three sets of vessels

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification: - - Calcification - Formation of trabeculae - Development of periosteum

Development of center of ossification

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification: -Development of center of ossification - -Formation of trabeculae -Development of periosteum

Calcification

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification: -Development of center of ossification -Calcification - -Development of periosteum

Formation of trabeculae

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification: -Development of center of ossification -Calcification -Formation of trabeculae -

Development of periosteum

Five steps of Endochondral ossification: - - Growth of cartilage model - Periosteal bud invades - Medullary cavity - Secondary ossification centers

Bone collar forms around diaphysis

Five steps of Endochondral ossification: ``` -Bone collar forms around diaphysis - -Periosteal bud invades -Medullary cavity -Secondary ossification centers ```

Growth of cartilage model

Five steps of Endochondral ossification: -Bone collar forms around diaphysis -Growth of cartilage model - -Medullary cavity -Secondary ossification centers

Periosteal bud invades

Five steps of Endochondral ossification: - Bone collar forms around diaphysis - Growth of cartilage model - Periosteal bud invades - - Secondary ossification centers

Medullary cavity

Five steps of Endochondral ossification: -Bone collar forms around diaphysis -Growth of cartilage model -Periosteal bud invades -Medullary cavity -

Secondary ossification centers

_________ – increase in the diameter of the bone

Appositional growth

Appositional growth: - Osteoblasts near the _________ secrete matrix - Osteoblasts are surrounded and become _________ - Osteoclasts destroy bone inside the medullary cavity, increasing the diameter

- periosteum | - osteocytes

Appositional growth: - Osteoblasts near the periosteum secrete matrix - Osteoblasts are surrounded and become osteocytes - _________ destroy bone inside the _________ cavity, increasing the diameter

- Osteoclasts | - medullary

About __% of the spongy bone is replaced each year

-Exercise- If a muscle pulls on a bone repetitively or with a lot of force, that area of bone where the muscle attaches will need more strength More bone will be _________ to reinforce the area

deposited

_________ – hormone made by the kidneys - Needed for absorption of calcium and phosphate - Dependent on Vitamin D

Calcitrol

Calcitrol - hormone made by the kidneys - Needed for absorption of _________ and phosphate - Dependent on Vitamin __

- calcium | - D

Vitamin __ – needed for collagen synthesis and osteoblasts differentiation

Vitamins A, K, and B12 – needed to make _________

proteins

_________ - Important to the membranes and intracellular activities of neurons and muscle cells

Calcium

Blood Calcium levels: Increase of __% causes muscles and neurons to become _________

- 30 | - unresponsive

Blood Calcium levels: Decrease of __% can cause _________

- 35 | - convulsions

Blood Calcium levels: Decrease of __% causes _________

- 50 | - death

_________ and parathyroid hormone (___) | Coordinate Hormone storage, absorption, and excretion

- calcitonin | - PTH

PTH raises blood calcium levels in one of three ways: - Stimulate the _________ to remove some bone to release _________ into the blood - Stimulates the digestive tract to increase the rate of calcium absorption - Decreases the rate of excretion from the kidneys

- osteoclasts | - calcium

PTH raises blood calcium levels in one of three ways: - Stimulate the osteoclasts to remove some bone to release calcium into the blood - Stimulates the _________ tract to increase the rate of _________ absorption - Decreases the rate of excretion from the kidneys

- digestive | - calcium

PTH raises blood calcium levels in one of three ways: - Stimulate the osteoclasts to remove some bone to release calcium into the blood - Stimulates the digestive tract to increase the rate of calcium absorption - Decreases the rate of _________ from the _________

- excretion | - kidneys

Calcitonin – decreases blood calcium levels in one of two ways: - Inhibits _________ - Increases rate of _________ from the _________

- osteoclasts - excretion - kidneys

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break: - - Completeness of break - Orientation of break to the long axis - Penetration of the skin

Position of bones

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break: -Position of bones - -Orientation of break to the long axis -Penetration of the skin

Completeness of break

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break: -Position of bones -Completeness of break - -Penetration of the skin

Orientation of break to the long axis

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break: -Position of bones -Completeness of break -Orientation of break to the long axis -

Penetration of the skin

- Types of Fractures - _________ – bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

Comminuted

- Types of Fractures - _________ – bone is crushed; common in vertebrae

Compression

- Types of Fractures - _________ – usually occurs with twisting of the bone

Spiral fracture

- Types of Fractures - _________ – diaphysis and epiphysis separate

Epiphyseal fracture

- Types of Fractures - _________ – part of skull is pushed in

Depression fracture

- Types of Fractures - _________ – incomplete fracture; occurs in children

Greenstick fracture

- Types of Fractures - _________ – occurs when a tendon pulls part of the bone away

Avulsion fracture

4 steps of Fracture repair: _________ – clump of clotted blood from breaking blood vessels around the break site; becomes swollen and hurts

Hematoma

4 steps of Fracture repair: _________ - - Phagocytes come in to clean up the mess - Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts start forming new collagen, cartilage, and bone

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

4 steps of Fracture repair: _________ - -New trabeculae begin to show up and the fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to bone

Bony callus forms:

4 steps of Fracture repair: _________ – Bony callus is reformed and refined until the bone looks similar to the way it did before the fracture. However, it is often possible to tell on X-ray and sometimes by palpation where a break occurred

Bone remodeling

4 steps of Fracture repair: - -Fibrocartilaginous callus forms - -Bone remodeling

- Hematoma | - Bony callus forms

4 steps of Fracture repair: -Hematoma - -Bony callus forms -

- Fibrocartilaginous callus forms | - Bone remodeling

-Bone Conditions- _________ – lack of vitamin D; causes bones to be too soft; legs are bowed

Rickets

-Bone Conditions- Rickets – lack of vitamin __; causes bones to be too _________ ; legs are bowed

- D | - soft

-Bone Conditions- _________ – bone resorption happens faster than bone deposit

Osteoporosis

-Bone Conditions- Osteoporosis – - Caused by _________ changes, lack of _________, lack of exercise, and smoking - Can lead to compression _________ in the vertebrae, or a broken hip

- hormonal - calcium - fractures

-Bone Conditions- _________ – osteoblasts and osteoclasts are hyperactive

Paget’s Disease

-Bone Conditions- Paget’s Disease – i. Not enough compact _________ is formed ii. Reduced _________ iii. Causes weakening of bones, but they become larger and more rugged iv. Cause is unknown, but a virus may bring it on

- bone | - mineralization

-Bone Conditions- Paget’s Disease – i. Not enough compact bone is formed ii. Reduced mineralization iii. Causes _________ of bones, but they become _________ and more rugged iv. Cause is unknown, but a _________ may bring it on

- weakening - larger - virus

-Bone Conditions- _________ – condition of the lungs – caused by a bacterial infection

Tuberculosis

-Bone Conditions- Tuberculosis - If it gets to the _________, it can cause compression fractures in the _________ .

- skeleton | - vertebrae

-Bone Conditions- _________ – is inflammation of bone

Osteomyelitis

-Bone Conditions- Osteomyelitis - i. Caused by _________ that usually gets in through a wound ii. Causes _________ of bone and lots of pus is formed iii. Can be _________

- bacteria - swelling - fatal

-Bone Conditions- _________ – immobility in a joint

Ankylosing Spondylitis

-Bone Conditions- Ankylosing Spondylitis – i. Usually affects the _________ ii. Ligaments around the spine _________, so intervertebral joints become _________

- spinal column - ossify - immobile