Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 13 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

ii. Learned or acquired reflexes – result of practice or repetition
1. Example – driving a car – series of complex movements, but we’re not consciously aware of many of them
- Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – stimulated by touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and itch

Mechanoreceptors

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-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – sensitive to change in temperature

Thermoreceptors

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-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – sensitive to light

Photoreceptors

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-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – chemicals (smelling and tasting)

Chemoreceptors

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-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – pain

Nociceptors

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Receptors by Location -

_________ – sensitive to changes outside the body
-Touch, temperature, sight, etc

Exteroceptors

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Receptors by Location -

_________ – respond to changes within the body
-Chemical changes, temperature, hunger, pain, etc.

Interoreceptors

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Receptors by Location -

_________ – respond to changes within the body but
are restricted to muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear

Proprioceptors

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Receptors by Location -

_________ -Tell us where we are in space by monitoring body position, muscle length and tension, and movement of joints

Proprioceptors

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ – bare dendrites
-Detect pain, temperature, itch, tickle and some touch sensations

Free nerve endings

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Detect pain, temperature, itch, tickle and some touch sensations

Free nerve endings

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ – dendrites are enclosed in a capsule
-Detect touch, pressure, and vibration

Encapsulated dendritic endings

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Detect touch, pressure, and vibration

-Include meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini’s corpuscles

Encapsulated dendritic endings

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ – proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle

Measure how much a muscle is being stretched
Impulses are sent to the cerebrum

Muscle spindles

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Measure how much a muscle is being stretched

Impulses are sent to the cerebrum (conscious
proprioception) and cerebellum (coordination)

Muscle spindles

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ – located at junction of muscle and tendon

-Initiate reflexes that relaxes muscle before it contracts too forcefully

Tendon organs

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Initiate reflexes that relaxes muscle before it contracts too forcefully

Tendon organs

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Receptors by Structure -

_________ – several types of receptors that monitor joint position and movement

Joint kinesthetic receptors

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Stimulation of sensory receptor -

stimulus must be specific to _________ (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
Stimulus must be in receptor’s “_________” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS

receptor

- range

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Stimulation of sensory receptor -

stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a _________ to an _________ potential **
Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS

stimulus

- action

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Stimulation of sensory receptor -

stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
Stimulus must be converted to _________ – called transduction
- -Causes _________ or hyperpolarization
Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS

energy

- depolarization

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Stimulation of sensory receptor -

stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
Stimulus must be converted to energy – called _________
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
Generation of _________ – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS

transduction

- impulses

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Stimulation of sensory receptor -

stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
Generation of impulses – _________ must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the _________
- -1st order neurons – conduct _________ impulses from the PNS to the CNS

threshold
CNS
sensory

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Three levels of integration -

_________ – sensory receptors

Receptor

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- Three levels of integration - _________ – ascending pathways

Circuit

- Three levels of integration - _________ – cerebral cortex

Perceptual

_________ - Stimulus must be converted to energy

transduction

In the _________ : | Impulses are sent to thalamus, cerebellum, then to the cerebral cortex where impulse is interpreted

Circuit level

In the Circuit level: | Impulses are sent to _________, cerebellum, then to the _________ cortex where impulse is interpreted

- thalamus | - cerebral

-6 parts of perceptual integration- _________ – something is happening

Perceptual detection

-6 parts of perceptual integration- _________ – how intense is the stimulus

magnitude estimation

-6 parts of perceptual integration- _________ – identification of area of the body and 2-point discrimination

spatial discrimination

-6 parts of perceptual integration- _________ – identification of an object based on its texture and shape

feature abstraction

-6 parts of perceptual integration- _________ – determining if something is sweet or bitter, or seeing shades of colors

quality discrimination

-6 parts of perceptual integration- _________ – like recognizing a melody and not just listening to individual notes

Pattern recognition getting the “big picture”

Pain is carried by _________ – found in every tissue except the brain

nociceptors

_________ pain – occurs rapidly; usually described as sharp like a needle stick

Fast

_________ pain – travels much more slowly; usually described as aching, burning, or throbbing

Slow

- structural arrangement of a nerve - _________ – connective tissue that wraps around myelin sheath of axons

Endoneurium

- structural arrangement of a nerve - _________ – wraps around fascicles bundles of axons)

Perineurium

- structural arrangement of a nerve - _________ – wraps around entire nerve

Epineurium

Humans have ___ pairs of spinal nerves

- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves - _________ – innervates muscles and skin of the trunk

Dorsal ramus

- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves - _________ – innervates muscles of the limbs and skin of the back

Ventral

- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves - _________ – reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the vertebrae, ligaments, and blood vessels

Meningeal branch

- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves - _________ – part of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Rami communicantes

- 4 major plexuses - _________ – innervates the skin and muscles of the head, neck, shoulders, back, and chest -Includes spinal nerves from C1-C5

Cervical

- 4 major plexuses - Cervical : -Includes spinal nerves from _________

-C1-C5

- 4 major plexuses - _________ – innervates the shoulders and upper limbs -Formed by ventral rami of C5-T1

Brachial

- 4 major plexuses - Brachial : -Formed by ventral rami of _________

-C5-T1

- 4 major plexuses - _________ – innervates abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of lower limbs -Formed by spinal nerves L1-L4

Lumbar

- 4 major plexuses - Lumbar – innervates abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of lower limbs -Formed by spinal nerves _________

-L1-L4

- 4 major plexuses - _________ – innervates gluteal region, perineum (see page 345), and lower limbs (page 510) -Formed by L4/L5 and S1-S4

Sacral

- 4 major plexuses - Sacral – innervates gluteal region, perineum (see page 345), and lower limbs (page 510) -Formed by _________ and _________

- L4/L5 | - S1-S4

_________ – longest and thickest nerve and innervates most of the lower limb

Sciatic

_________ nerve – innervates adductor muscles

Obturator

_________ nerve – innervates anterior and medial thigh

Femoral

_________ nerve – innervates the diaphragm

Phrenic

- Motor Activity - _________ level – contained within the spinal cord -Ventral horn neurons are activated in a group of cord segments, causing them to stimulate groups of muscles

Segmental

- Motor Activity - Segmental level – contained within the spinal cord - _________ neurons are activated in a group of cord segments, causing them to stimulate groups of _________

- Ventral horn | - muscles

- Motor Activity - _________ level – upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex and brain stem - Produce specific movements in skeletal muscle - Control spinal cord circuits - Send information to lower motor neurons (neurons that innervate muscles) - Send information to higher command centers

Projection

- Motor Activity - Projection level – upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex and _________ - Produce specific movements in _________ muscle - Control _________ circuits - Send information to lower motor neurons (neurons that innervate muscles) - Send information to higher command centers

-brain stem -skeletal spinal cord

- Motor Activity - _________ level – cerebellum and basal nuclei -Start or stop movement, coordinate movements with _________, block unwanted movements, and monitor muscle tone

- Precommand | - posture

_________ reflexes – “built in” reflex Example – splash hot water on your arm from a pot, you will drop the pot before you even feel pain -Brain is aware of what happened, but is not involved in the action

Inborn

Inborn reflexes – “built in” reflex Example – splash hot water on your arm from a pot, you will drop the pot before you even feel pain - _________ is aware of what happened, but is not involved in the _________

- Brain | - action

_________ reflexes – result of practice or repetition Example – driving a car – series of complex movements, but we’re not consciously aware of many of them

Learned or acquired

Learned or acquired reflexes – result of practice or repetition Example – _________ – series of complex movements, but we’re not _________ aware of many of them

- driving a car | - consciously

- 5 parts of a reflex arc - _________ – responds to change in the environment

Sensory receptor

- 5 parts of a reflex arc - _________ – carries message from the receptor to the CNS

Sensory neuron

- 5 parts of a reflex arc - _________ – gray matter within the CNS -Connection(s) between sensory neuron and motor neuron

Integrating center

- 5 parts of a reflex arc - _________ – carries message to part of the body that will respond

Motor neuron

- 5 parts of a reflex arc - _________ – muscle or gland that responds to nerve impulse from the motor neuron

Effector

_________ reflex – tapping tendon of elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle -Stretches muscle spindles slightly, which results in contraction of muscle

Stretch

Stretch reflex – tapping tendon of elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle - Stretches _________ spindles slightly, which results in contraction of muscle - Contraction relieves the _________ - _________ muscles are inhibited

- muscle - stretching - Antagonistic

_________ reflex – usually involves withdrawal from pain - Cross-extensor reflex – when flexors on one side are activated, extensors on opposite side are also activated - For example – step on something sharp barefoot – flexor reflex draws your foot up and crossed extensor reflex allows other leg to hold you up

Flexor

Flexor reflex – usually involves withdrawal from pain - _________ reflex – when flexors on one side are activated, extensors on _________ side are also activated - For example – step on something sharp barefoot – flexor reflex draws your foot up and crossed extensor reflex allows other leg to hold you up

- Cross-extensor | - opposite

_________ reflex – tests spinal cord from L4 – S2 -Draw a blunt object down along the lateral aspect of the plantar surface --Toes should curl --Abnormal reflex – called Babinski’s sign; big toe curls, and others fan laterally

Plantar

Plantar reflex – tests spinal cord from L4 – S2 -Draw a blunt object down along the _________ aspect of the plantar surface -- _________ should curl -- _________ reflex – called Babinski’s sign; big toe curls, and others fan laterally

- lateral - Toes - Abnormal