Lecture Exam 3 - Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
_________ muscle – muscles attached to bone
A
Skeletal
2
Q
_________ muscle:
Function – produce movement by pulling on bone
A
Skeletal
3
Q
_________ muscle – muscle of the heart
A
Cardiac
4
Q
_________ muscle:
Function – pushes blood through the circulatory system
A
Cardiac
5
Q
_________ muscle – lines the hollow organs
A
Smooth
6
Q
_________ muscle:
Function – pushes things through and out of the body
A
Smooth
7
Q
- Properties of muscle -
_________ – ability to respond to nerve impulses
A
Electrical excitability
8
Q
- Properties of muscle -
_________ – ability to contract and generate force
A
Contractility
9
Q
- Properties of muscle -
_________ – ability to stretch without being damaged
A
Extensibility
10
Q
- Properties of muscle -
_________ – ability to return to its original shape and size
A
Elasticity
11
Q
-four functions of skeletal muscle-
_________ – muscle contracts pulling on the tendon which moves a bone (i.e. running, walking, nodding the head)
A
Produce movement
12
Q
-four functions of skeletal muscle-
Produce movement:
- _________ muscle moves blood throughout the body
- _________ muscle moves substances (food, urine, etc.) through and out of the body
A
- Cardiac
- Smooth
13
Q
-four functions of skeletal muscle-
_________ – some muscles are always active to allow us to sit up, stand, etc.
A
Maintain posture and body position
14
Q
-four functions of skeletal muscle-
Muscles _________ joints and help keep them _________
A
- cross
- stable
15
Q
-four functions of skeletal muscle-
_________ – when a muscle contracts, heat is given off as a waste product
A
Maintenance of body temperature
16
Q
- Three layers of connective tissue -
_________ – surrounds the whole muscle
–Separates the muscle from surrounding structures
A
Epimysium
17
Q
- Three layers of connective tissue -
_________ – divides muscle into bundles of muscle cells called fascicles
–Also contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the muscle
A
Perimysium
18
Q
- Three layers of connective tissue -
_________ – surrounds individual muscle cells
–Contains capillaries, cells to repair muscle, and nerves that control the muscle
A
Endomysium
19
Q
Muscle requires a large amount of blood supply to bring in _________ and nutrients and carry away _________ products
A
- oxygen
- waste
20
Q
Muscle cell = muscle _________
A
fiber
21
Q
“_________” means muscle
A
Sarco
22
Q
_________ – cell membrane of a muscle cell
A
Sarcolemma
23
Q
_________ – cytoplasm of a muscle cell
A
Sarcoplasm
24
Q
_________ – extensions of the sarcolemma
A
T tubules
25
_________ – organelle that stores calcium
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
26
-Sarcoplasmic reticulum-
- Tubular network surrounds each _________
- Terminal _________ – enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- - _________ is released from the TC
- Release of calcium from the terminal cisternae is the first step in muscle _________
- myofibril
- cisternae
- Calcium
- contraction
27
- Sarcomere -
_________ mark the border of a sarcomere
Z lines or Z discs
28
- Sarcomere -
_________ is the center of the thick filament
M line
29
- Sarcomere -
_________ are the dark bands
A bands
30
- Sarcomere -
_________ are the light bands
I bands
31
- Sarcomere -
_________ light area on either side of the M line
H zone
32
- Sarcomere -
_________ – overlap of thin and thick filaments
Zone of Overlap
33
_________ filaments – made up of myosin
Thick
34
_________ filaments – made up of actin
Thin
35
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ – motor protein found in thick filaments
Myosin
36
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ - interacts with actin
Myosin
37
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ – thin filaments made up of a twisted strand of actin molecules
Actin
38
- Muscle Proteins -
Each actin molecules has an “active” site where it will bind with _________ during muscle contraction
-myosin
39
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ – double stranded protein that covers active sites on the actin molecules
Tropomyosin
40
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ – protein that sits on top of the tropomyosin
Troponin
41
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ –
Attached to the Z disc at each end of the sarcomere
Troponin
42
- Muscle Proteins -
_________ – large protein that anchors thick filament to a Z disc and the M line
Titin
43
_________ filaments connect to the thin and pull them to the center of the _________ .
- Thick
| - sarcomere
44
_________ – pressure applied TO something – pulling on a rope, carrying a book
Tension
45
_________ – force that opposes movement
Resistance
46
Tension must overcome _________ in order for movement to occur
resistance
47
Connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the _________
neuromuscular junction
48
- four steps in the neuronal stimulation of a muscle -
1. Release of _________ into the _________ cleft (space)
2. ACh binds to the _________ on the muscle
3. Action potential continues on the muscle in the sarcolemma and is carried to all parts of the fiber by the T tubules
4. Return to rest – ACh is broken down by ACHe and action potential is over
- ACh
- synaptic
- receptors
49
- four steps in the neuronal stimulation of a muscle -
1. Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft (space)
2. ACh binds to the receptors on the muscle
3. _________ potential continues on the muscle in the _________ and is carried to all parts of the fiber by the _________
4. Return to rest – ACh is broken down by ACHe and action potential is over
- Action
- sarcolemma
- T tubules
50
- four steps in the neuronal stimulation of a muscle -
1. Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft (space)
2. ACh binds to the receptors on the muscle
3. Action potential continues on the muscle in the sarcolemma and is carried to all parts of the fiber by the T tubules
4. Return to _________ – ACh is broken down by _________ and action potential is over
- rest
| - ACHe
51
-Excitation-Contraction Coupling-
- Action potential travels along the _________
1. Causes the release of _________ into the sarcoplasm from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic _________
2. Binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move in between the strands of actin
- -This exposes the binding sites on the actin
- sarcolemma
- calcium
- reticulum
52
-Excitation-Contraction Coupling-
- Action potential travels along the sarcolemma
1. Causes the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Binds to _________, which causes _________ to move in between the strands of actin
- -This exposes the binding sites on the actin
- troponin
| - tropomyosin
53
-Excitation-Contraction Coupling-
- Action potential travels along the sarcolemma
1. Causes the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move in between the strands of _________
- -This exposes the _________ sites on the actin
- actin
| - binding
54
- Contraction Cycle -
1. ATP splits – into ____ (adenosine diphosphate) and a _________ group
2. Head of the myosin attaches to the binding site (cross bridge)
3. Cross bridge flexes (myosin head bends), moving the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere
- -Called the “power stroke”
4. ATP binds with the myosin head, which releases the myosin head from the actin
- ADP
| - phosphate
55
- Contraction Cycle -
1. ATP splits – into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group
2. Head of the _________ attaches to the _________ site (cross bridge)
3. Cross bridge flexes (myosin head bends), moving the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere
- -Called the “power stroke”
4. ATP binds with the myosin head, which releases the myosin head from the actin
- myosin
| - binding
56
- Contraction Cycle -
1. ATP splits – into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group
2. Head of the myosin attaches to the binding site (cross bridge)
3. Cross bridge _________ (myosin head bends), moving the _________ filament toward the middle of the _________
- -Called the “power stroke”
4. ATP binds with the myosin head, which releases the myosin head from the actin
- flexes
- thin
- sarcomere
57
- Contraction Cycle -
1. ATP splits – into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group
2. Head of the myosin attaches to the binding site (cross bridge)
3. Cross bridge flexes (myosin head bends), moving the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere
- -Called the “power stroke”
4. ATP binds with the _________ head, which releases the myosin head from the _________
- myosin
| - actin
58
- Relaxation -
1. When _________ impulse stops, release of ____ stops
2. Calcium is returned to the terminal cisternae – requires energy (ATP)
3. When calcium is take back by the SR, troponin changes shape and tropomyosin once again covers the binding sites on the actin
- -Muscle relaxes
- nerve
| - ACh
59
- Relaxation -
1. When nerve impulse stops, release of ACh stops
2. _________ is returned to the terminal _________ – requires energy (ATP)
3. When calcium is take back by the SR, troponin changes shape and tropomyosin once again covers the binding sites on the actin
- -Muscle relaxes
- Calcium
| - cisternae
60
- Relaxation -
1. When nerve impulse stops, release of ACh stops
2. Calcium is returned to the terminal cisternae – requires energy (ATP)
3. When calcium is take back by the ___, troponin changes shape and _________ once again covers the binding sites on the actin
- -Muscle relaxes
- SR
| - tropomyosin
61
One motor neuron and all the fibers it supplies is a _________
motor unit
62
_________ number of fibers per neuron – fine motor skills; precise control (fingers, eyes)
-Low
63
_________ number of fibers per neuron – less precise movement (large thigh and leg muscles)
-High
64
- Three phases of muscle twitch -
_________ – time it takes for the action potential to travel across the sarcolemma and calcium to be released from the SR
Latent period
65
- Three phases of muscle twitch -
_________ – peak of tension
--Calcium binds to troponin, active sites are exposed, cross bridges are formed
Contraction phase
66
- Three phases of muscle twitch -
_________ – muscle returns to rest
--Calcium levels fall, active sites are covered, and cross bridges detach
Relaxation
67
- Muscle is stimulated a second time before relaxation phase has ended
- Second contraction is significantly stronger than the first: Called _________
wave summation
68
_________ – muscle is never allowed to relax completely
Incomplete (unfused) tetanus
69
_________ – relaxation phase doesn’t occur at all
Complete (fused) tetanus
70
_________ – as strength of the stimulus increases, more muscle fibers contract
Multiple motor unit summation
71
Multiple motor unit summation:
- Some motor units respond to weak stimulus, some require a stronger stimulus
- More and more motor units are activated as the signal strength increases – called _________
recruitment
72
_________ contraction – muscle length changes (includes walking running, lifting)
Isotonic
73
_________ contraction – muscle length doesn’t change, and tension doesn’t exceed resistance
(Holding a baby, standing up, carrying a book)
Isometric
74
_________ metabolism – uses oxygen to produce ATP
Aerobic
75
_________ metabolism – does not require oxygen
Anaerobic
76
Three types of _________ :
- fast
- slow
- intermediate
Muscle Fibers
77
-Three types of Muscle Fibers-
_________ – most common type; large in diameter
- Produce fast, powerful contractions, but fatigue rapidly
- Used in sprinting and weight lifting
Fast glycolytic fibers
78
-Three types of Muscle Fibers-
Fast glycolytic fibers-
- Produce fast, powerful _________, but _________ rapidly
- Used in sprinting and weight lifting
- contractions
| - fatigue
79
-Three types of Muscle Fibers-
_________ – smaller fibers
- Take longer to contract, but can contract for longer periods of time
- Have a more abundant blood supply
- Used in running long distances, walking, maintaining posture
Slow oxidative fibers
80
-Three types of Muscle Fibers-
Slow oxidative fibers – smaller fibers
- Take _________ to contract, but can contract for longer periods of time
- Have a more abundant _________
- Used in _________ long distances, walking, maintaining posture
- longer
- blood supply
- running
81
-Three types of Muscle Fibers-
_________ – in between slow and fast in both size and endurance
Fast oxidative fibers (intermediate)
82
-Differences in Cardiac Muscle-
1. _________ are smaller and usually only have one _________
2. No terminal cisternae – sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected directly to the sarcolemma and T tubules
3. Uses aerobic metabolism almost exclusively
4. Intercalated discs – specialized cell junctions
- Cells
| - nucleus
83
-Differences in Cardiac Muscle-
1. Cells are smaller and usually only have one nucleus
2. No _________ cisternae – sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected directly to the _________ and T tubules
3. Uses aerobic metabolism almost exclusively
4. Intercalated discs – specialized cell junctions
- terminal
| - sarcolemma
84
-Differences in Cardiac Muscle-
1. Cells are smaller and usually only have one nucleus
2. No terminal cisternae – sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected directly to the sarcolemma and T tubules
3. Uses _________ metabolism almost exclusively
4. _________ discs – specialized cell junctions
- aerobic
| - Intercalated
