Flashcards in Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 12 Deck (104):
1
- Basic parts of the Brain -
_________ – 2 hemispheres, form most of the front and middle of the brain
Cerebrum
2
- Basic parts of the Brain -
_________ – thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
3
- Basic parts of the Brain -
_________ – 2 hemispheres, form the posterior and inferior parts of the brain; much smaller than the cerebrum
Cerebellum
4
- Basic parts of the Brain -
_________ – leads to the spinal cord; contains the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata
Brainstem
5
Three parts of the Brainstem:
-
-pons
-
-midbrain
-medulla oblongata
6
_________ :
-Hollow chambers that contain CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
-Lined with ependymal cells
The Ventricles of the Brain
7
_________ ventricles – C-shaped chambers; one in each cerebral hemisphere
Lateral
8
Lateral ventricles – Separated by a membrane called the _________
septum pellucidum
9
_________ ventricle – connected to the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
Third
10
_________ ventricle – continuation of the 3rd ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
Fourth
11
Fourth ventricle – continuation of the 3rd ventricle via the _________
cerebral aqueduct
12
Third ventricle – connected to the lateral ventricles via the _________
interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
13
_________ ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
4th
14
_________ fissure – runs medially and separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Longitudinal
15
_________ fissure – separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Transverse
16
_________ – separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
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The _________ gyrus lies anterior to the central sulcus and the _________ gyrus lies posterior to the central sulcus
-precentral
-postcentral
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The precentral gyrus lies anterior to the _________ sulcus and the postcentral gyrus lies _________ to the central sulcus
-central
-posterior
19
_________ :
-Most superficial part of the brain
-Controls everything that we’re aware of – muscle movements, communication, and memory
The Cerebral Cortex
20
The Cerebral Cortex :
-Most superficial part of the _________
-Controls everything that we’re aware of – _________ movements, communication, and _________
-brain
-muscle
-memory
21
The Cerebral Cortex :
-Made up of gray matter – cell bodies, _________, unmyelinated axons, _________, and _________ vessels
-Contains about 14 billion neurons, arranged in 6 layers
-Totals about 2-4mm thick
-Makes up 40% of the brain’s mass
-dendrites
-glial cells
-blood
22
The Cerebral Cortex :
-Made up of gray matter – cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glial cells, and blood vessels
-Contains about ___ billion neurons, arranged in ___ layers
-Totals about 2-4mm thick
-Makes up ___ of the brain’s mass
-14
-6
-40%
23
- Three functional areas the Cerebral Cortex -
_________ areas – control voluntary functions
Motor
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- Three functional areas the Cerebral Cortex -
_________ areas – conscious awareness of sensation
Sensory
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- Three functional areas the Cerebral Cortex -
_________ areas – integration
Association
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Each hemisphere controls or receives information from the _________ (_________) side of the body
-opposite
-contralateral
27
_________ cortex – (precentral gyrus)
Primary (somatic) motor
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_________ cortex generates neural impulses that control the execution of movement
primary motor
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_________ cortex – anterior to the precentral gyrus
Premotor
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_________ cortex – Controls learned motor skills – like playing an instrument or typing (it’s the memory of muscle activity)
Premotor
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_________ cortex – found in the postcentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory
32
_________ cortex – Receive sensory information from the skin and proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles
Primary somatosensory
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_________ cortex – Identify area being stimulated – this is called spatial discrimination
Primary somatosensory
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_________ cortex - Allows us to touch something and know what it is without looking – like digging in your pockets and finding keys or a quarter
Somatosensory association
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_________ cortex – posterior part of the occipital lobe
Primary visual
36
_________ cortex -
-Receives information from the eyes
-This is where we perceive motion, light, and contrast
-Damage to this area will result in blindness
Primary visual
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_________ association area – surrounds the primary visual cortex
Visual
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_________ cortex – superior part of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory
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_________ cortex – Receives information from the cochlea where it is interpreted for pitch, rhythm, and loudness
Primary auditory
40
_________ association area – more posterior
Auditory
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_________ association area –This is where we interpret what we hear as speech, music, yelling, laughing, etc.
Auditory
42
_________ Association Area –
-Involved in intellect, recall, and personality
-Responsible for formation of ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning, compassion, and conscience
-Damage is this area can cause mood swings, bad behavior, and recklessness
Anterior
(prefrontal cortex)
43
Anterior Association Area (prefrontal cortex) –
-Involved in intellect, recall, and personality
-Responsible for formation of _________, judgement, reasoning, _________, planning, compassion, and conscience
-Damage is this area can cause _________ swings, bad behavior, and _________
-ideas
-persistence
-mood
-recklessness
44
_________ Association Area –
Involved in recognizing patterns, faces, and our surroundings
Posterior
45
_________ Association Area – emotional part of the brain
-Provides emotional impact of danger, fear, joy, and grief
--Also involved in memory
Limbic
46
Limbic Association Area –
emotional part of the brain
-Provides emotional _________ of danger, _________, joy, and grief
--Also involved in _________
-impact
-fear
-memory
47
commissures are made up of _________ fibers
-These are responsible for communication between 2 cerebral hemispheres
commissural
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_________ fibers – connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Association
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_________ fibers – connect gyri that are close to each other
Short
50
_________ fibers – connect different lobes
Long
51
_________ fibers – connect the cortex to the rest of the CNS and to the receptors and effectors
Projection
52
Projection fibers – connect the cortex to the rest of the CNS and to the _________ and _________
-receptors
-effectors
53
Projection fibers travel _________, while commissural and association fibers travel _________
-verticaly
-horizontally
54
- 5 basic functions of the basal nuclei -
i. Influence _________ movements by communicating with the _________ cortex
ii. Influence attention span and conscious thought
iii. Start, stop, and monitor movements like swinging your arms
iv. Regulate the intensity of movements
v. Inhibit unnecessary movements – enable us to do several things at once
-muscle
-primary motor
55
- 5 basic functions of the basal nuclei -
i. Influence muscle movements by communicating with the primary motor cortex
ii. Influence _________ span and _________ thought
iii. Start, stop, and monitor _________ like swinging your arms
iv. Regulate the intensity of movements
v. Inhibit unnecessary movements – enable us to do several things at once
-attention
-conscious
-movements
56
- 5 basic functions of the basal nuclei -
i. Influence muscle movements by communicating with the primary motor cortex
ii. Influence attention span and conscious thought
iii. Start, stop, and monitor movements like swinging your arms
iv. Regulate the _________ of movements
v. _________ unnecessary movements – enable us to do _________ things at once
-intensity
-Inhibit
-several
57
General functions of the thalamus:
1. Relays sensory input to the _________
2. Helps to focus the attention of the _________ – aids in
concentration
3. Some interpretation of thermal and pain sensations
-cerebral hemispheres
-cerebral cortex
58
General functions of the thalamus:
1. Relays sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres
2. Helps to focus the attention of the CC – aids in _________
3. Some interpretation of _________ and pain sensations
-concentration
-thermal
59
Functions of the hypothalamus. :
_________ – regulates the involuntary nervous system
-Controls rate of digestion, _________, constriction or dilation of the pupils, respiratory rate, and sweating
-Autonomic control center
-heart rate
60
Functions of the hypothalamus. :
_________ – controls the physical aspects of emotions – tears, _________, dry mouth, etc
--Also influences sex drive
-Center for emotional response
-blushing
61
Functions of the hypothalamus. :
_________ – acts as the thermostat for the body
Body temperature regulation
62
Functions of the hypothalamus. :
_________ -
-Sends hormone signals to the pituitary gland
-Produces hormones ___ and oxytocin
-Control of endocrine system
-ADH
63
_________ – audio and visual reflex centers – 2 pairs of nuclei
Corpora quadrigemina
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_________ – dark nucleus that contains a lot of melanin
Substantia nigra
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_________ - Responsible for the release of dopamine (neurotransmitter)
-Damage will result in Parkinson’s disease
Substantia nigra
66
_________ -
Bulging part of the brain stem between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata and forms the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle
The Pons
67
The Pons:
-Connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
-Connects the motor cortex of the cerebrum to the _________
-Helps the _________ control breathing
-cerebellum
-medulla
68
The Pons:
-Connects the _________ to the spinal cord
-Connects the _________ of the cerebrum to the cerebellum
-Helps the medulla control breathing
-cerebral cortex
-motor cortex
69
Four functions of the medulla oblongata:
1. _________ – controls force and rate of heart contraction and _________
2. Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing
3. Relay touch, conscious proprioception, pressure, and vibration to the thalamus
4. Various centers control things like vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
-Cardiovascular center
-blood pressure
70
Four functions of the medulla oblongata:
1. Cardiovascular center – controls force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure
2. _________ control rate and depth of _________
3. Relay touch, conscious proprioception, pressure, and vibration to the thalamus
4. Various centers control things like vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
-Respiratory centers
-breathing
71
Four functions of the medulla oblongata:
1. Cardiovascular center – controls force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure
2. Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing
3. Relay _________, conscious proprioception, _________, and vibration to the thalamus
4. Various centers control things like vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
-touch
-pressure
72
Four functions of the medulla oblongata:
1. Cardiovascular center – controls force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure
2. Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing
3. Relay touch, conscious proprioception, pressure, and vibration to the thalamus
4. Various centers control things like _________, hiccups, _________, coughing, and sneezing
-vomiting
-swallowing
73
Fibers entering and exiting the cerebellum are _________ .
ipsilateral
74
The _________ forms the emotional part of the brain.
limbic system
75
_________ - Clusters of neurons that form columns along the brain stem
Reticular Formation
76
Reticular Formation
-Keeps the _________ cortex alert and conscious
- _________ out weak, familiar, or repetitive signals
-cerebral
-Filters
77
_________ – dura mater forms walls within the brain to limit movement; act like baffles of a waterbed
Dural septa
78
-Dural septa-
_________ – separates cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebri
79
-Dural septa-
_________ – separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli
80
_________ –
-Found in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
81
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):
1. Acts as a _________ and protects the brain against its own weight – brain “_________” in the cranial cavity
2. Provides optimal environment for neuron signaling
3. Allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
-shock absorber
-floats
82
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):
1. Acts as a shock absorber and protects the brain against its own weight – brain “floats” in the cranial cavity
2. Provides optimal environment for _________ signaling
3. Allows _________ of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
-neuron
-exchange
83
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):
1. Acts as a shock absorber and protects the brain against its own weight – brain “floats” in the cranial cavity
2. Provides optimal environment for neuron signaling
3. Allows exchange of nutrients and _________ products between blood and _________ tissue
-waste
-nervous
84
Blood-Brain Barrier
-Formed by _________ – cells are joined by tight _________
-capillaries
-junctions
85
-Brain Injuries-
_________ – mild brain injury
-Marked by _________, seeing stars, and Loss of consciousness (LOC)
-No permanent damage
-Concussion
-dizziness
86
-Brain Injuries-
_________ – actual destruction of brain tissue
-May result in _________ if the injury is in the brain stem
-Contusion
-coma
87
-Brain Injuries-
_________ – bleeding in the spaces
-Blood accumulates and increases pressure on the _________
-Subdural or subarachnoid
hemorrhage
-brain
88
_________ -
-Also called “stroke”; _________ leading cause of death in North America
-Blood circulation to an area is blocked and brain tissue begins to die
-Cerebrovascular Accidents
-third
89
Spinal Cord comes to a point at its end called the _________
conus medullaris
90
_________ – extension of the conus medullaris covered by pia mater
-Anchors the cord to the coccyx
Filum terminale
91
lumbar and sacral spinal nerves travel down until they exit the column, These nerves are collectively called the _________ – which literally means horse’s tail
-cauda equina
92
_________ - Made up of cell bodies, unmyelinated processes, and supporting cells
Gray matter
93
_________ - Made up of fibers that provide communication between different parts of the cord as well as between the cord and the brain
White Matter
94
"horns” of the spinal cord
_________ – posterior; sensory receptor area
Dorsal horns
95
"horns” of the spinal cord
_________ – only present in the thoracic region; neurons are sympathetic motor neurons for the visceral organs
Lateral
96
_________ is the sensory receptor area
the dorsal horn
97
Know that ascending tracts are usually _________ and descending tracts are usually _________
-sensory
-motor
98
Vertebral levels _________ and _________ are the most common sites for Spinal Cord
-C5/C6
-T12/L1
99
Vertebral levels C5/C6 and T12/L1 are the most common sites because:
-Greater _________ in those areas
-Cord is _________ in these areas
-mobility
-largest
100
Poliomyelitis
i. _________ of the spinal cord
ii. Virus causes _________ to die and they are replaced by _________ tissue
iii. If the ventral horn is affected, paralysis of lower limbs occurs
iv.If the upper cervicals or the medulla oblongata is affected, respiratory failure can occur
-Inflammation
-cells
-scar
101
Poliomyelitis
i. Inflammation of the spinal cord
ii. Virus causes cells to die and they are replaced by scar tissue
iii. If the _________ horn is affected, _________ of lower limbs occurs
iv.If the upper cervicals or the _________ is affected, respiratory failure can occur
-ventral
-paralysis
-medulla oblongata
102
_________ -
i. Also called Lou Gehrig’s Disease
ii. Causes destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons
iii. Results in paralysis of skeletal muscle
iv. As disease progresses, person loses the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
v. No cure, limited treatment, death usually occurs within 5 years
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
103
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
i. Also called _________ Disease
ii. Causes destruction of the _________ motor neurons
iii. Results in paralysis of _________ muscle
iv. As disease progresses, person loses the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
v. No cure, limited treatment, death usually occurs within 5 years
-Lou Gehrig’s
-ventral horn
-skeletal
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