- Receptors in your hand send temperature information to the brain (_________) - Your brain decides that’s a bad thing (_________) - Your brain sends a message to your muscles to pull away (_________)

- sensory input - integration - motor output

Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 11 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Three main functions of the nervous system -

_________ – monitors what’s going on both inside and outside the body (includes all hearing, seeing, pain, etc.)

Sensory input

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Three main functions of the nervous system -

_________ – Interprets information from the sensory input and decides what to do

Integration

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Three main functions of the nervous system -

_________ – response in the form of messages sent to muscles, organs, or glands

Motor output

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Receptors in your hand send temperature information to the brain (_________)
Your brain decides that’s a bad thing (_________)
Your brain sends a message to your muscles to pull away (_________)

sensory input
integration
motor output

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Central nervous system (CNS) – consists of the _________ and _________

brain

- spinal cord

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_________ – everything except the brain and spinal cord

Periphial nervous system (PNS)

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Periphial nervous system (PNS): Primarily made up of _________ nerves and _________ nerves

spinal

- cranial

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_________ : Responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands

Central nervous system (CNS)

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_________ : Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord and brain

Periphial nervous system (PNS)

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : (means toward)

Afferent

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : carries sensory information from the receptors of the body to the CNS

Afferent division

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Divisions of the PNS -

Afferent division:
_________ detect changes in the environment
– eyes, ears, touch, pain, heat, cold, etc.

Receptors

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ = (“away from”)

Efferent

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : carries motor information from the CNS to the body

Efferent

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Divisions of the PNS -
[Two parts of the efferent division]

_________ – controls skeletal muscles
-Voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)

Somatic

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Divisions of the PNS -
[Two parts of the efferent division]

_________ – visceral motor system
-Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, organs, and glands

Autonomic

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Divisions of the PNS -
[Two parts of the efferent division]

_________ :
-Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, organs, and glands

Autonomic

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : (resting & Digesting) – generally slows things down (heart rate)

Parasympathetic

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Divisions of the PNS -

Parasympathetic : (resting & Digesting) – generally _________ things down (heart rate)

slows

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : (fight or flight) – generally speeds things up

Sympathetic

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Divisions of the PNS -

Sympathetic (fight or flight) – generally _________ things up

speeds

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Divisions of the PNS -

_________ – controls activity within the digestive system

Enteric

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_________ – functional units of the nervous system

Neurons

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_________ : Supporting cells

Neuroglia

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- Supporting cells - _________ : - Provide structural support for neurons - Provide Nutrients for neurons, remove excess materials, and regulate chemical concentrations - Wrap around capillaries to maintain the blood brain barrier

Astrocytes

- Supporting cells - _________ – Connected to blood capillaries, neurons, and covering of the brain

Astrocytes

- Supporting cells - Astrocytes: - Provide structural support for _________ - Provide Nutrients for neurons, remove excess materials, and regulate _________ concentrations - Wrap around capillaries to maintain the _________ barrier

- neurons - chemical - blood brain

- Supporting cells - _________ – very small and least numerous -Work as police and janitors – clean up debris and attack pathogens

Microglia

- Supporting cells - _________ : -Work as police and janitors – clean up debris and attack pathogens

Microglia

- Supporting cells - _________ – line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

Ependymal cells

- Supporting cells - _________ – Secrete cerebrospinal fluid and some have cilia to help keep the CSF flowing

Ependymal cells

- Supporting cells - _________ – form the myelin sheath in the CNS -Send extensions to many axons

Oligodendrocytes

- Supporting cells - _________ – surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS -Functions are similar to astrocytes

Satellite cells

- Supporting cells - _________ – form the myelin sheath in the PNS

Schwann cells

- Supporting cells - One Schwann cell forms part of the _________ for one axon

myelin sheath

_________ Receive information from other neurons and carry it _________ the cell body

- Dendrites | - toward

_________ – usually only one | --Carries action potential _________ from the cell body

- Axon | - away

_________ – enlarged area of the cell body

axon hillock

_________ in each neuron processes the information it receives before sending on its conclusion as an action potential.

axon hillock

Like a departmental manager, the _________ receives information from the other departments, or neurons

axon hillock

_________ is the white covering of the axons (dendrites are unmyelinated)

myelin sheath

_________ : Bigger the nerve, thicker the sheath -Function is to protect the _________, provide _________ and increase the speed of _________ transmission

- myelin sheath - neuron - insulation - impulse

Myelin sheath : Formed by _________ in the PNS

Schwann cells

- Myelin sheath - | Gaps in the sheath are spaces between cells are called the _________

Nodes of Ranvier

Nodes of Ranvier are crucial to _________ the speed of impulse transmission – impulse “_________” from node to node

- increasing | - jumps

_________ neurons: two processes: one dendrite and one axon with the cell body in between

Bipolar

_________ neurons - Found in special sense organs; the eye

Bipolar

_________ neurons – dendrite and axon are continuous and cell body is off to the side

Unipolar

_________ neurons – Sensory neurons in the PNS

Unipolar

_________ neurons – most common type of neuron in the CNS

Multipolar

_________ neurons - Two or more dendrites and a single axon - Motor nerves that control _________

- Multipolar | - skeletal muscles

_________ – deliver sensory information from the PNS to the CNS (about 10 million)

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Sensory (_________) neurons

afferent

-Sensory neurons- _________ – monitor the outside world (exteroceptors)

Somatic

-Sensory neurons- _________ – monitor the internal environment (interoceptors)

Visceral

-Sensory neurons- _________ – monitor the body’s position

Proprioceptors

_________ neurons – carry instructions from the CNS to the PNS (about 500,000)

Motor (efferent)

Motor (efferent) neurons– carry instructions from the ___ to the ___ (about _________)

- CNS - PNS - 500,000

Motor (_________) neurons

efferent

- Motor neurons - _________ neurons – innervate skeletal muscles -Cell body lies in the CNS and the axon extends to the target muscle

Somatic motor

- Motor neurons - _________ neurons – innervate cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands and organs

Visceral motor

_________ neurons – provide communication between sensory and motor neurons (20 billion)

Interneurons (Association)

_________ (Association neurons)

Interneurons

Interneurons (Association neurons) - Also involved in learning and _________ - Most common type of neuron; found in the _________ and _________

- memory - brain - spinal cord

_________ energy – work that is stored

Potential

_________ energy – work is performed

Kinetic

_________ – potential energy generated by keeping charges separate

Voltage

_________ : 1. Always measured between two points 2. Difference between the two points - Called the potential

Voltage

_________ – things move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Gradients

_________ – ions move towards an area with the opposite charge

Electrical gradient

_________ channels – always open

Passive (leakage)

_________ channels – open only for select molecules

Gated

- Gated channels - _________ gated – open in response to a neurotransmitter

Chemically

- Gated channels - _________ gated – open in response to a change in the charge

Voltage

- Gated channels - _________ gated – open in response to pressure

Mechanically

Channels are very _________ – potassium channel only allows _________ to pass through

- specific | - potassium

- Resting Membrane Potential - Inside of a neuron has a _________ charge compared to outside

negative

- Resting Membrane Potential - Difference is the Resting Membrane Potential and the membrane is _________

polarized

- Resting Membrane Potential - Potassium has a higher concentration _________ the cell

inside

- Resting Membrane Potential - Sodium has a higher concentration _________ the cell

outside

- Resting Membrane Potential - _________ wants to get out, _________ wants to get in

- Potassium | - Sodium

_________ – difference between the two sides of the membrane gets _________

- Depolarization | - smaller

_________ – two sides get further apart

Hyperpolarization

_________ are short-lived and affect only a small area

Graded potentials

Action Potentials : | _________- is carried over a greater distance and lasts longer

Nerve impulse

Four steps of Action Potentials : i. Resting ii. iii. Repolarization iv.

- Depolarization | - Hyperpolarization

Four steps of Action Potentials : i. ii. Depolarization iii. iv. Hyperpolarization

- Resting | - Repolarization

Four steps of Action Potentials : _________ – both the Na and K gates are closed

Resting

Four steps of Action Potentials : _________ – Na gates open and Na gushes into the cell

Depolarization

Four steps of Action Potentials : _________ – cell returns to its resting membrane potential

Repolarization

Four steps of Action Potentials : Repolarization – 1. When the inside of the cell becomes positive, the ___ channels close so no more can get in 2. At the same time, the K gates _________ and it gushes out of the cell 3. As K+ goes out and Na+ can’t get in, the _________ is restored

- Na - open - RMP

_________ – too much K+ gets out, so the difference between inside and out is greater than the RMP

Hyperpolarization

Sodium/potassium pumps then _________ the ions as needed to restore the _________

- redistribute | - balance

_________ conduction – step by step depolarization and repolarization in each adjacent segment

Continuous

_________ conduction – action potential leaps from one node of Ranvier to the next

Saltatory

_________ conduction is faster than _________ conduction

- Saltatory | - Continuous

All or none – _________ has to reach a certain point (threshold) before anything happens

depolarization

If the threshold isn’t reached the _________ is not generated 1. No “partial action potential”

Three factors of Conduction velocity : -Axon diameter - -Temperature

Degree of myelination

Three factors of Conduction velocity : - -Degree of myelination -

- Axon diameter | - Temperature

-Conduction velocity- _________ – larger the axon, faster the speed of conduction

Axon diameter

-Conduction velocity- _________ -In unmyelinated fibers, the AP has to travel the length of the axon (continuous conduction)

Degree of myelination

-Conduction velocity- Degree of myelination : - In _________ fibers, the AP has to travel the length of the axon (_________ conduction) - In _________ fibers, the AP can “jump” from one Node of Ranvier to the next (_________ conduction)

- unmyelinated - continuous - myelinated - saltatory

-Conduction velocity- _________ – propagation slows down in lower temperature

Temperature

- Communication at the Synapse- i. Nerve impulse arrives at the _________ (presynaptic neuron) ii. _________ opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and _________ enters the cell iii. Increase in calcium triggers release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft iv. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell v. Ions (Na) enter postsynaptic cell vi. Change in membrane potential occurs in postsynaptic cell vii. Depolarization triggers action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

- synaptic end bulb - Depolarization - calcium

- Communication at the Synapse- i. Nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic end bulb (presynaptic neuron) ii. Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and calcium enters the cell iii. Increase in calcium triggers release of _________ into the synaptic cleft iv. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the _________ cell v. Ions (___) enter postsynaptic cell vi. Change in membrane potential occurs in postsynaptic cell vii. Depolarization triggers action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

- neurotransmitter - postsynaptic - Na

- Communication at the Synapse- i. Nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic end bulb (presynaptic neuron) ii. Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and calcium enters the cell iii. Increase in calcium triggers release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft iv. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell v. Ions (Na) enter postsynaptic cell vi. Change in _________ potential occurs in postsynaptic cell vii. Depolarization triggers _________ in the postsynaptic neuron

- membrane | - action potential

Two possible outcomes postsynaptic cell: - Second cell is _________ – i.e. muscle cell contracts - Second cell is _________ – muscle cell cannot contract

- stimulated | - inhibited

_________ – myelin sheath becomes nonfunctional - First nerve impulses are slowed, then stopped - -Without the myelin sheath, the AP dies out before it reaches the end

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis – myelin sheath becomes nonfunctional - First nerve impulses are _________, then stopped - -Without the myelin sheath, the ___ dies out before it reaches the end

- slowed | - AP