Lecture Exam 1 - Chapters 1 & 3

Question 1

__________ - the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

__________ - function; study of how body parts work and carry out activities

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

__________ - study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.

Answer 3

Gross Anatomy

Question 4

Gross Anatomy (__________ ) – study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.

Answer 4

macroscopic

Question 5

-Gross Anatomy-

__________- focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels found in that area

Answer 5

Regional anatomy

Question 6

-Gross Anatomy-

Regional anatomy – focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the __________, muscles, __________, and blood vessels found in that area.

Answer 6

• bones

- nerves

Question 7

-Gross Anatomy-

__________ – study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we’ll learn about the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Answer 7

Systemic anatomy

Question 8

-Gross Anatomy-

Systemic anatomy – study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we’ll learn about the __________, spinal cord, and __________

Answer 8

• brain

- nerves

Question 9

-Gross Anatomy-

__________ – study of general form and superficial markings
-When someone flexes their muscles for us, we can see the outline of individual muscles

Answer 9

Surface anatomy

Question 10

-Gross Anatomy-

Surface anatomy – study of general form and superficial markings
-When someone flexes their muscles for us, we can see the __________ of individual muscles

Answer 10

outline

Question 11

How else could surface anatomy be used?
Check pulse in __________ that are near the surface, finding veins to draw blood, and using stethoscope to listen to __________ and lungs

Answer 11

• arteries

- heart

Question 12

__________ – study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Answer 12

Microscopic anatomy

Question 13

-Microscopic anatomy-

__________ – study of cells

Answer 13

Cytology

Question 14

-Microscopic anatomy-

__________ – study of tissues, such as connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Answer 14

Histology

Question 15

-

Answer 15

• Cytology

- Histology

Question 16

-
-

Answer 16

i. Regional
ii. Systemic
iii. Surface

Question 17

__________ – covers changes that occur over time

Answer 17

Developmental anatomy

Question 18

-Developmental anatomy-

Main division is __________, which is the study of development between conception and birth

Answer 18

embryology

Question 19

-Developmental anatomy-

Main division is embryology, which is the study of development between __________ and __________

Answer 19

• conception

- birth

Question 20

__________ – includes specialized studies used in a clinical setting

Answer 20

Clinical anatomy

Question 21

-Clinical anatomy-

__________ – changes in the body during illness

Answer 21

Medical (or pathological) anatomy

Question 22

-Clinical anatomy-

__________ – study of internal structures using x-ray, CT scans, and MRIs

Answer 22

Radiographic anatomy

Question 23

-

Answer 23

• Medical anatomy

- Radiographic anatomy

Question 24

__________ physiology – study of the function of a particular organ or organ system

Answer 24

-Systemic and special

Question 25

Systemic and special physiology- Examples include renal (kidneys), _________ (nervous system), cardiophysiology (heart and blood vessels), and __________ physiology (lungs)

Answer 25

- neurophysiology | - respiratory

Question 26

__________ physiology – study of the functions of cells

Answer 26

Cell

Question 27

__________ physiology – study of the effects of disease on body functions

Answer 27

Pathological

Question 28

6 Levels of organization of an organism: 1. Chemical 2. 3. Tissue 4. 5. Organ systems 6. Organism

Answer 28

- Cellular | - Organ

Question 29

6 Levels of organization of an organism: 1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. 4. Organ 5. Organ systems 6.

Answer 29

- Tissue | - Organism

Question 30

6 Levels of organization of an organism: 1. 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. 6. Organism

Answer 30

- Chemical | - Organ systems

Question 31

__________ – ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli; stimulus is singular)

Answer 31

Responsiveness (irritability or excitability)

Question 32

Responsiveness (__________ ) – ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli; stimulus is singular)

Answer 32

irritability or excitability

Question 33

__________ – sum of all chemical processes in the body

Answer 33

Metabolism

Question 34

__________ – breaking something down from complex to simple

Answer 34

Catabolism

Question 35

__________ – breakdown of proteins into amino acids

Answer 35

Catabolism

Question 36

__________ – building up from simple to complex

Answer 36

Anabolism

Question 37

__________ – Joining of amino acids to form proteins

Answer 37

Anabolism

Question 38

__________ – defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal environment in an ever-changing external environment

Answer 38

Homeostasis

Question 39

Homeostasis – defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal __________ in an ever-changing __________ environment

Answer 39

- environment | - external

Question 40

Three parts of Homeostatic regulation: - - -

Answer 40

- Receptor - Control center - Effector

Question 41

- Homeostatic regulation - __________ – sensor that detects changes in the environment (stimuli) –Skin, ears

Answer 41

Receptor

Question 42

- Homeostatic regulation - __________ – receives and processes information, makes a “decision”, then sends out commands

Answer 42

Control center

Question 43

- Homeostatic regulation - __________ – carries out the commands sent out by the control center

Answer 43

Effector

Question 44

__________ feedback loop – action of the effector shuts off the original stimulus when normal conditions return

Answer 44

Negative

Question 45

__________ feedback loop – action of the effector increases the intensity of the original stimulus

Answer 45

Positive

Question 46

__________ - Furnace set at 70, kicks on at 69 and shuts back off at 70))

Answer 46

Negative feedback loop

Question 47

__________ - Makes the situation continue

Answer 47

Positive feedback loop

Question 48

-Negative feedback loop- Receptors in the body sends signals to the brain about body __________. If the temp is too __________, the brain sends signals to __________ glands and muscles – sweat glands release water to the surface and blood from muscles travels close to the skin. Sweat evaporates and heat radiates from the skin to cool us down.

Answer 48

- temperature - high - sweat

Question 49

-Positive feedback- during child labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released, which intensifies contractions. __________ of the uterus cause more oxytocin to be released, which again causes __________ contractions

Answer 49

-Contractions | more

Question 50

__________ – subjective changes in body functions; not observable (i.e. headache, nausea, anxiety)

Answer 50

Symptoms

Question 51

Symptoms – subjective changes in body functions; not observable (i.e. __________, nausea, __________)

Answer 51

- headache | - anxiety

Question 52

__________ – objective, measurable changes (high BP, fever, swelling)

Answer 52

Signs

Question 53

Signs – objective, measurable changes (high __________, fever, __________ )

Answer 53

- Blood Pressure | - swelling

Question 54

- 4 concepts of cell theory - | 1. __________ are the basic structural and functional units of living __________

Answer 54

- Cells | - organisms

Question 55

- 4 concepts of cell theory - | 2. Activity of an __________ depends on the individual and collective __________ of cells

Answer 55

- organism | - activity

Question 56

- 4 concepts of cell theory - | 3. __________ of cells depend on their __________

Answer 56

- Activities | - structure

Question 57

- 4 concepts of cell theory - | 4. __________ of life depends on __________ reproduction

Answer 57

- Continuity | - cellular

Question 58

- 3 basic parts of a cell - __________ – outside wall of the cell

Answer 58

Cell membrane

Question 59

Cell membrane 4 basic functions: a. __________ cell’s internal environment from the __________ environment b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell c. Maintains appropriate internal environment d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

Answer 59

- Separates | - external

Question 60

Cell membrane 4 basic functions: a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment b. __________ flow of __________ in and out of the cell c. Maintains appropriate internal environment d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

Answer 60

- Regulates | - materials

Question 61

Cell membrane 4 basic functions: a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell c. __________ appropriate __________ environment d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

Answer 61

- Maintains | - internal

Question 62

Cell membrane 4 basic functions: a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell c. Maintains appropriate internal environment d. Plays important role in __________ both with other cells and with the __________ environment

Answer 62

- communication | - external

Question 63

- 3 basic parts of a cell - __________ – Consists of all contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Answer 63

Cytoplasm

Question 64

- 3 basic parts of a cell - Cytoplasm – Consists of all contents of a cell between the __________ membrane and __________

Answer 64

- plasma | - nucleus

Question 65

- 3 basic parts of a cell - 3 parts of Cytoplasm: 1. 2. Organelles 3.

Answer 65

1. Cytosol | 3. Inclusions

Question 66

- 3 basic parts of a cell - __________ – control center for cell functions

Answer 66

Nucleus

Question 67

- 3 basic parts of a cell - Nucleus: 1. Has information to __________ all proteins needed by the cell 2. Contains the __________ – genetic material 3. Dictates type and amount of __________ to be made

Answer 67

- manufacture - DNA - proteins

Question 68

-6 functions of Membrane proteins - a. Form __________ or holes for ions and transport __________ in or out of the cell b. Act as __________ so molecules can bind to the cell c. Provide support within a cell d. Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes) e. Join cells together f. Cell identity – help cells recognize one another

Answer 68

- pores - molecules - receptors

Question 69

-6 functions of Membrane proteins - a. Form pores or holes for ions and transport molecules in or out of the cell b. Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell c. Provide __________ within a cell d. Help start or speed up __________ (enzymes) e. Join cells together f. Cell identity – help cells recognize one another

Answer 69

- support | - reactions

Question 70

-6 functions of Membrane proteins - a. Form pores or holes for ions and transport molecules in or out of the cell b. Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell c. Provide support within a cell d. Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes) e. Join __________ together f. Cell identity – help cells __________ one another

Answer 70

- cells | - recognize