Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 14-16 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Effectors –

_________ : stimulates skeletal muscle

somatic system

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Effectors –

_________ : stimulates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

autonomic

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-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

_________ – one neuron where cell bodies are in the CNS and axons travel to the muscle
-Most fibers are thick and myelinated

Somatic

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-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

_________ -Most fibers are thick and myelinated

Somatic

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-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  – two neurons; 1st cell body is in the CNS and 
its axon (preganglionic) connects with the 2nd neuron in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.

Autonomic

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-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

Autonomic – two neurons; 1st cell body is in the \_\_\_ and 
its axon (preganglionic) connects with the \_\_\_ neuron in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.

- 2nd

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-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

_________ - The 2nd axon (postganglionic) then travels to the effector

Most fibers are thin and either lightly myelinated or are unmyelinated
Transmission is much slower than in the somatic

Autonomic

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-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

Autonomic - The 2nd axon (postganglionic) then travels to the _________

Most fibers are _________ and either lightly myelinated or are unmyelinated
Transmission is much _________ than in the somatic

effector
thin
slower

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exercising muscles (stimulated by _________ system) demand more oxygen, so ___ increases heart rate and breathing rate

somatic

- ANS

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Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates smooth muscles in the eye that allow for focusing on close objects

Oculomotor

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Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates the glands of the head – lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual (tears and saliva)

Facial

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Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates the parotid gland

Glossopharyngeal

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Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates most of the organs of the thorax and abdomen

Vagus

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Pathway of a _________ -

-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-viii. Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc. (page 536)
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

sympathetic neuron

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Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -

-Leaves spinal cord through the _________, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a _________ that is part of the _________ trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-viii. Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc. (page 536)
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

ventral root
ganglion
sympathetic

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Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -

-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
- _________ is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the _________ ramus communicans
-WRC connects the _________ fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc.
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

synapse
gray
preganglionic

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Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -

-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the _________ nerves
-Postganglionic axons then travel on to _________
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc.
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate _________, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

spinal
visceral
colon

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The brain stem has a lot of influence over the ANS, mostly through _________

-reflexes

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Heart beat, _________, GI activity and _________ are controlled in the brain stem

respiration

- pupil dilation

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Elimination is controlled in the _________

spinal cord

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Hypothalamus – coordinates _________ activity, respiration, _________ , and blood pressure

heart

- body temp

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_________ : coordinates emotions and biological drives and controls our reaction to fear

Hypothalamus

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_________ – physical response to an emotion or thought

– heart races when remembering being frightened

Cerebral cortex

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_________ may be caused by excessive sympathetic vasoconstriction

Hypertension

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- 3 types of taste buds - _________ papillae – found all over the surface of the tongue

Fungiform

- 3 types of taste buds - _________ papillae – very large, form a V on the back of the tongue

Circumvallate

- 3 types of taste buds - _________ papillae – side of the tongue

Foliate

-3 types of cells found within a taste bud- _________ cells – provide insulation (stratified squamous epithelium)

Supporting

-3 types of cells found within a taste bud- _________ cells – have gustatory hairs that project up through a taste pore to the surface - Hairs are the sensory receptors for taste - Exposed to a lot of friction – are replaced every 7-10 days

Gustatory (taste)

-3 types of cells found within a taste bud- _________ cells – stem cells that give rise to new taste cells

Basal

Gustatory (taste) cells – have gustatory hairs that project up through a taste pore to the surface - Hairs are the _________ receptors for taste - Exposed to a lot of friction – are replaced every ___ days

- sensory | - 7-10

-5 taste qualities- _________ – sugars, alcohol, saccharin, amino acids -Provided by carbohydrates

Sweet

-5 taste qualities- Sweet – sugars, alcohol, saccharin, amino acids -Provided by _________

carbohydrates

-5 taste qualities- _________ – produced by acids -Fruits that contain Vitamin C

Sour

-5 taste qualities- Sour – produced by acids -Fruits that contain Vitamin __

-5 taste qualities- _________ – produced by metal ions (sodium chloride) -Provides minerals

Salt

-5 taste qualities- Salt – produced by metal ions (sodium chloride) -Provides _________

minerals

-5 taste qualities- _________ – quinine, nicotine, caffeine, morphine, strychnine, aspirin -Natural poisons and spoiled food – protective mechanism

Bitter

-5 taste qualities- Bitter – quinine, nicotine, caffeine, morphine, strychnine, aspirin -Natural poisons and spoiled food – _________ mechanism

protective

-5 taste qualities- _________ – produced by a specific amino acid - Provides taste of beef, cheese, and MSG - Satisfies need for protein

Umami

-5 taste qualities- Umami – produced by a specific amino acid - Provides taste of beef, _________, and MSG - Satisfies need for _________

- cheese | - protein

3 cranial nerves involved in carrying taste: - _________ nerve - glossopharyngeal nerve - _________ nerve

- facial | - vagus

3 cranial nerves involved in carrying taste: - facial nerve - _________ nerve - vagus nerve

glossopharyngeal

Olfactory epithelium – located in the roof of the _________

nasal cavity

olfactory neurons go to: - -hypothalamus -

- olfactory bulb | - limbic system

olfactory neurons go to: -olfactory bulb - -limbic system

-hypothalamus

About ___% of the body’s sensory receptors are in the eyes

Almost ___ of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing

1/2

3 layers of the eyeball: - _________ – outermost - Vascular – middle layer - _________ - (retina) – innermost, double layer

- Fibrous | - Sensory tunic

3 layers of the eyeball: - Fibrous – outermost - _________ – middle layer - Sensory tunic (retina) – innermost, _________ layer

- Vascular | - double

- Structure of the Eyeball - _________ : - Sclera - Cornea

Fibrous

- Structure of the Eyeball - _________ : - Choroid - Iris - Pupil

Vascular

- Structure of the Eyeball - _________ : - Pigmented layer - Neural - Optic disc - Fovea centralis - "Detached retina”

Sensory tunic (retina)

_________ – blind spot where the optic nerve connects to the eye

Optic disc

_________ – “pit” in the retina – fewer structures block the photoreceptors, so visual acuity is increased

Fovea centralis

_________ cavity – contains vitreous humor

Posterior

_________ cavity – contains aqueous humor

_________ cavity : - Transmits light - Supports the lens and retina - Maintains pressure - Vitreous humor is formed before we’re born and last our entire lifetime

Posterior

Posterior cavity : - Transmits light - Supports the _________ and retina - Maintains _________ - Vitreous humor is formed before we’re _________ and last our entire lifetime

- lens - pressure - born

_________ cavity : - Supplies nutrients and oxygen - Helps maintain pressure - Aqueous humor is continually drained and replaced

Anterior cavity : - Supplies nutrients and oxygen - Helps _________ pressure - Aqueous humor is continually _________ and replaced

- maintain | - drained

_________ – eyeball is too long, so light is focused in front of the retina

Myopia (“nearsighted”)

_________ – eyeball is too short, so light is focused behind the retina

Hyperopia (“farsighted”)

_________ – lack of one or more cone types

Color blindness

_________ – rod function is impaired; may be caused by Vitamin A deficiency

Night blindness

Night blindness – may be caused by Vitamin __ deficiency

_________ : - Most common is red-green - Sex linked – more common in males

Color blindness

_________ – caused by pressure changes, which creates a wave (ripple effect)

Sound

Pathway of Sound : - Enters the _________ canal, and hits the tympanic _________, causing it to stretch and _________ - Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea) - Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve - Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)

- external auditory - membrane - vibrate

Pathway of Sound : - Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate - Travels through the _________ to the oval _________ (membrane of the _________) - Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve - Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)

- ossicles - window - cochlea

Pathway of Sound : - Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate - Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea) - _________ converts vibrations into _________ impulses – fluid and cilia in the _________ sends signals to the cochlear nerve - Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)

- Cochlea - nerve - cochlea

Pathway of Sound : - Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate - Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea) - Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve - Cochlear nerve carries _________ to the primary _________ cortex (by way of the _________ and thalamus)

- impulse - auditory - medulla oblongata

_________ – hair cells along basilar membrane are activated by different frequencies

Pitch

_________ – loud sounds cause stronger vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window

Loudness

Loudness – loud sounds cause stronger vibrations of the _________ membrane, ossicles, and _________ window

- tympanic | - oval

_________ – brain stem helps to locate the source of sound -Receptors on the side of the source of the sound are activated more quickly and more intensely than the opposite side

Localization

Localization – brain stem helps to locate the source of sound - _________ on the side of the source of the sound are activated more quickly and more intensely than the _________ side

- Receptors | - opposite

-Deafness – two basic causes - _________ deafness – transmission of sound to the inner ear is hindered - Excessive earwax, ruptured eardrum, ear infections - Otosclerosis – ossicles become fused to each other or to the oval window

Conduction

-Deafness – two basic causes- _________ deafness – results from damage of any of the neural structures - Receptor cells – single loud noise or prolonged exposure - Degeneration of the cochlear nerve, tumors, cerebral infarcts

Sensorineural

-Deafness – two basic causes - Conduction deafness – transmission of sound to the inner ear is hindered - Excessive _________, ruptured eardrum, ear _________ - _________ – ossicles become fused to each other or to the oval window

- earwax - infections - Otosclerosis

-Deafness – two basic causes- Sensorineural deafness – results from damage of any of the neural structures - _________ cells – single loud noise or prolonged exposure - _________ of the cochlear nerve, tumors, cerebral infarcts

- Receptor | - Degeneration

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – stimulates bone, muscle, and cartilage

Growth hormone

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – stimulates the adrenal glands

ACTH

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – stimulate the ovaries and testes to promote ovulation, egg and sperm maturation

FSH and LH

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – promotes lactation

PRL

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – initiates and continues uterine contractions

oxytocin

- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland - _________ – causes the kidneys to retain water

ADH

_________ and _________ are made by the hypothalamus, but stored and released by the pituitary

- Oxytocin | - ADH

_________ : - Control the BMR – basal metabolic rate - Promote normal glucose usage, heart function, muscle and skeletal system development

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

thyroxine and triiodothyronine - Control the BMR – (_________) - Promote normal _________ usage, heart function, _________ and skeletal system development

- basal metabolic rate - glucose - muscle

_________ – inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates incorporation of calcium into the bones

Calcitonin

Calcitonin – inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates incorporation of _________ into the bones

calcium

_________ – will result in low body temp, low energy, weight gain, elevated cholesterol, memory impairment, low BP, constipation, and sterility

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism – will result in low body temp, low energy, _________ gain, elevated cholesterol, _________ impairment, low BP, _________, and sterility

- weight - memory - constipation

_________ – will result in elevated body temp, weight loss, irritability, personality changes, high BP, diarrhea, and impotence

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism – will result in elevated body temp, weight loss, _________, personality changes, high BP, _________, and impotence

- irritability | - diarrhea

_________ - stimulates osteoclasts to elevate level of calcium in the blood

PTH

functions of the Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands - - Produce _________ and _________ - Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are involved in “fight or flight”

- testosterone | - estrogen

functions of the Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands - - Produce testosterone and estrogen - _________ (adrenaline) and _________ are involved in “fight or flight”

- Epinephrine | - norepinephrine

Adrenal glands Produce steroids from cholesterol -Functions: - Regulate _________ and potassium concentrations - Influence energy _________

- sodium | - metabolism

Pineal gland Secretes _________

melatonin