Lifespan Development

Question 1

What are Freud’s 5 developmental stages?

Answer 1

• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latency
• Genital

Question 2

What were two adult outcomes from infant fixations and why did they develop?

Answer 2

Based on receiving too much or too little gratification:

• Oral fixation
• Anal fixation

Question 3

What was Erickson’s view of development?

Answer 3

• Maintain a psychosocial view
• Biological maturation is a result of social context
• Not reliant on sexual urges

Question 4

What was Erickson’s interpretation of the initiative vs. guilt stage?

Answer 4

Good outcome is based on parents responding positively to a young child’s attempts, regardless of success or failure.

Question 5

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 5

A behavior is increased or decreased based on positive or negative reinforcement.

Question 6

What was Bandura’s classic study?

Answer 6

Clown toy - Children exposed to aggression early on displayed aggressive behaviors.

Question 7

What did Piaget introduce into the world of psychology?

Answer 7

Schema.

Question 8

What is Schema?

Answer 8

• The way a person’s lens develops

- How the lens shapes interpretations and life experiences

Question 9

What was Piaget’s concept of equilibrium?

Answer 9

Using assimilation and accommodation to have our schemas meet the needs of our environment.

Question 10

What is the concept of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 10

Infants develop from reflex-driven organisms to more complex thinkers.

Question 11

What is object permanence?

Answer 11

When an object continues to exist even when it is not there.

Question 12

What is the concept of Piaget’s pre-operational stage?

Answer 12

Child begins to think symbolically, with words.

Question 13

What is Symbolic Function?

Answer 13

• 1st substage of pre-operational period

- Language ability gives children new way of thinking of the world

Question 14

What is Intuitive Thought?

Answer 14

• 2nd substage of pre-operational period

- Children want to know how and why

Question 15

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 15

• Sensorimotor
• Pre-operational
• Concrete operational
• Formal operational

Question 16

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 16

Range of tasks that a person cannot do by themselves, but can be done with the help of more experienced people.

Question 17

What is scaffolding?

Answer 17

Assisting a less experienced person with completing tasks by verbal or physical means.

Question 18

What is cognitive load?

Answer 18

Total number of items that must be attended to by one’s working memory, where information is temporarily stored and manipulated.

Question 19

What is self-regulation?

Answer 19

Ability to control influence of one’s behavior and emotion.

Question 20

What is Ainsworth & Bowlby’s concept of attachment?

Answer 20

Infant’s will recognize caregivers and prefer to be around them.

Question 21

What did Harlow’s experiment prove?

Answer 21

Monkeys preferred mothers that provided comfort as opposed to food-givers.

Question 22

What was the basic concept of Chomsky’s language development theory?

Answer 22

Call a train a “train”, not a “choo choo”.

Question 23

What is relational aggression?

Answer 23

Subtle harmful acts such as manipulation or gossip.

Question 24

What is Bronfenbrenner’s theory on ecological development?

Answer 24

It takes a village to raise a child.

Question 25

What is Metacognition?

Answer 25

The process of knowing about knowing.

Question 26

What was Gardner's psychological development based on?

Answer 26

Natural intelligence.

Question 27

What is Temperament?

Answer 27

Biologically based differences in how one responds to the environment that influence emotions, physical activity level, and attention.

Question 28

What is Theory of Mind?

Answer 28

Understanding that others have mental states and that their thoughts differ from one’s own.

Question 29

What are some moral emotions that play a role in morality?

Answer 29

- Guilt - Shame - Empathy

Question 30

What is an Authoritarian style of parenting?

Answer 30

- High demands but low responsiveness - Demand obedience from their children - Quick to punish disobedience

Question 31

What is an Authoritative style of parenting?

Answer 31

- High demand and high responsiveness | - Create rules and expectations while explaining reasons for their rules

Question 32

What is Gender?

Answer 32

Social constructs of what it means to be male or female.

Question 33

What is Self-Esteem?

Answer 33

- Judgments of worth that children make about themselves | - The feelings that those judgments elicit

Question 34

What is Egocentrism?

Answer 34

A cognitive quality in which one is centered in one’s own frame of reference.

Question 35

What is the concept of Inclusive Education?

Answer 35

Supporting of learning and development of all children regardless of disabilities, etc.

Question 36

What is the concept of Emotional Intelligence?

Answer 36

Where a child must first recognize a friend's unhappiness, then be able to comfort the friend, etc.

Question 37

What rates rise if an infant has to sleep in a room separate from parent?

Answer 37

SIDS.

Question 38

What can occur to child development from Divorce?

Answer 38

- May interrupt supportive parenting for child | - Important to make child not feel responsible

Question 39

What is Selective Attention?

Answer 39

What a child decides to focus on.

Question 40

What is Learned Helplessness?

Answer 40

Where a child says "If I'm sick, everyone gives me stuff. But, no one gives me anything for being healthy."