M1 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
First Microscope
A
Antonie van Leewenhoek
2
Q
Robert Koch
A
Koch-Postulates
3
Q
Spontaneous generation & Pasteurization (+ rabies)
A
Louis Pasteur
4
Q
Chloride Lime hand washing
A
Ignaz Semmelweis
5
Q
Prevention of Cholera
A
Jon Snow
6
Q
Smallpox / Cowpox Vaccine
A
Edward Jenner
7
Q
Penicillin Inv.
A
Sir Alexander Fleming
8
Q
Which is a obligate component Nucleoid or Plasmid?
A
Nucleoid
9
Q
Facultative cell components
A
- Capsule
- Flagellum
- Fibriae (pili)
- Plasmid
- Endospore
10
Q
What is peptidoglycan made up of?
A
NAG & NAM
11
Q
Gram-positive cell wall
A
Thick peptidoglycan layer
12
Q
Gram-negative cell wall
A
- Thin peptidoglycan
- Outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides (LPS/endotoxin)
13
Q
Transformation
A
Acquisition of Gene from Environment
14
Q
Transduction
A
Infection of bacteriophage carrying the Gene
15
Q
Conjugation
A
Genetic exchange with another bacterium through sex pili
16
Q
Bacteria Size
A
0.3 - 3 μm
17
Q
When do we use Dark-field microscopy?
A
For Thin bacteria
18
Q
Native smears
A
Unstained, live bacteria
(e.g wet mount + vital stain)
19
Q
Gram stain used for what type of smears
A
Only fixed smears
20
Q
Gram stain colors
A
- Gram positive: Purple
- Gram negative: Pink
21
Q
Gram stain technique
A
1) Stain with Crystal Violet 2 mins + rinse
2) Stain with Iodine 1 min + rinse
3) 96% Alcohol + rinse
4) Safranin / Carbol-fuchsin 2 mins
5) Rinse & Dry with filter paper
22
Q
Neisser-stain & Albert-stain
A
Corynebecterium
23
Q
Ziehl-Neelsen stain (acid fast)
A
For staining of thick rigid structures (endospore, myobacterium, nocardia)
24
Q
Tokfestés (negative stain)
A
Bacterial Capsule
25
Source of Energy Classification
- Organotrophs (organic E)
- Lithotrophs (inorganic E)
- Phototrophs (light E)
26
Source of Carbon Classification
- Autotrophs (incorganic C)
- Heterotrophs (organic C)
27
What classifications do Human associated bacteria fall under
Organo & Heterotrophs
(as far as we know)
28
Temperature Classification
- Psychrophiles (<20°C)
- Mesophiles (15-45°C)
- Thermophils (>45°C)
29
Listeria is dangerous why?
Can even be cultured at 0 - 4°C
30
Campylobacter Jejuni culturing temp
42°C
31
Obligate Aerobes
Die without O2
32
Obligate Anaerobes
O2 kills them
33
Facultative Anaerobes
O2 needed, but can ferment too
34
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
Fermentation, but can tolerate O2
35
Microaerophils
Needs decreased O2, Increased CO2
36
Capnophiles
Needs increased CO2
37
Growth Curve phases
- Lag-phase
- Log-phase
- Stationary phase
- Death phase
38
EMB Agar
- Gram-negative growth
- Purple / Green = Lactose positive
39
Colony Forming Unit
Dose of Bacteria (virulence)
= N x 50 x 1/D
40
Types of Haemolysis
- Alpha: Green discoloration
- Beta: Transparent
- Gamma: No haemolysis
41
Physical Sterilization Methods
- Dry heat
- Wet heat (autoclave)
- Radiation
- Plasmasterilization (H2O2)
42
Chemical Sterilization Methods
- Gas sterilization
- Liquid sterilization
43
Gas sterilization
- Ethylene oxide
- Formaldehyde
- Osone
44
Liquid sterilization
- Gluteraldehyde / Formaldehyde
- Peracetic acid
- Sodium hypochlorite
45
Physical Disinfection Methods
- Filtration (mainly bacteria)
- Wet heat
46
Chemical Disinfection Methods
- Dehydrating agents (alcohol)
- Oxidizing agents (halogens, H2O2)
- Detergents
- Phenols
- Aldehydes
47
Pyrogen
Any substance that can lead to inflammation and fever
48
LPS problems in sterilization
LPS is not inactivated unless incinerated which you need resistant material for
49
LAL test
Detection of residual LPS in IV solutions after depyrogenation
50
Prophylactic Therapy (chemoprophylaxis)
Administration of Antibiotics to a high-risk case BEFORE the infection occurs
51
Empirical Therapy
Administration of Antibiotics in suspected bacterial infections without knowing the exact etiology
52
Targeted Therapy
Administration of Antibiotics against an isolated and identified bacterium from a patient sample
53
Susceptibility test result guided Therapy
Basically same as Targeted Therapy but after doing a susceptibility test to confirm that the bacterium is really sensitive to that drug
54
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Concentration of a drug that is able to inhibit the growth of a standard concentration of Bacteria
55
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
Concentration of a drug that kills a standard concentration of Bacteria
56
Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Chloramphenicol
- Sulfonamides
57
Bactericidal Antibiotics
- Beta-lactams
- Glycopeptides
- Aminoglycosides
- Metronidazol
- Rifampicin
- Polymixines
58
Pharmacokinetcs
What the body does to the antibiotic
(absorption, distribution, elimination)
59
Pharmacodynamics
What the antibiotic does to the body/pathogen
60
Chemotheraputic Index (Ehrlich)
Dosis tolerata maxima / Dosis curativa minima
(the larger the ratio, the safer the drug)
61
Types of Antibiotic Resistance
- Primary / Natural
- Secondary / Acquired
62
5 Ds of AB resistance spread
- Drug
- Dose
- Delivery
- Duration
- De-escalation
63
When was the last new group of Antibiotics developed?
1987
Nowadays we just modify these old ABs
64
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitors
- Beta-lactams
- (Lipo)Glycopeptides
- Polypeptides
65
Beta-lactams
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Carbapenems
- Monobactams
66
Penicillins
- Basic Penicillins
- Aminopenicillins
- Beta-lactamase inh.
67
Carbapenems specificity
Wide-spectrum
68
Monobactams specificity
Gram-Negative
69
Glycopeptides specificity
Gram-Positive
(Kidney & Ear Toxicity)
70
Polypeptides specificity
Gram-Positive
71
Polymixines
- Gram-Negative bacteria
- Bind LPS
- Cell membrane function inh.
72
Lipopeptides
- Gram-Positive specificity
- Cell membrane synth. Inh.
73
30S Subunit Inhibitors
- Aminoglycosides
- Tetracyclines
- Glycycyclines
74
Aminoglycosides
Bactericidal
- Aerobic bacteria
- Kidney toxicity
75
Tetracyclines
Bacteriostatic
- Binds calcium
76
Glycycyclines
Bacteriostatic
77
50s Subunit Inhibitors
- Macrolides
- Lincosamides
- Oxzolidinons
- Streptogramins
- Chloramphenicol
- Mupirocin (fusidic acid)
78
Macrolides & Lincosamides
Bacteriostatic
79
Streptogramins
Bacteriostatic
80
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic
- Bone marrow toxicity
81
DNA synthesis inhibitors
- Quinolons & Fluoroquinolone (-cidal)
- Nitroimidazoles
- Nitrofurans
82
RNA synthesis inhibitors
- Rifamycins (bactericidal)
- Fidaxomicin
83
Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors
- Sulfonamides
- Trimetophrim
(BACTERIOSTATIC)
84
IgM
- Sign of Acute infection
- Appears when we first encounter a pathogen
- Can activate complement cascade
85
IgG
- Sign of Chronic Infection
- Appears after a few weeks
- Can activate complement cascade
- Opsonizes pathogens
- Passes through placenta
86
IgA
- Secreted into cavities to protect mucous membranes
- Tears, Saliva, Breast milk
87
IgE
- Important in Allergic Reactions
- Important in Worm infections
88
IgD
Can be found on surface of Naive B-cells
89
Cell membrane Synthesis inhibitors
- Polymixines
- Lipopeptides
90
Folic acid synth inhibitors
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
