M3 Koch's Postulates

Question 1

what are the different ‘ages’ moved through time

Answer 1

age of disaster
age of disease
now = ape of decay

Question 2

what does age of decay mean

Answer 2

treating disease efficiently but body wearing out

cancer, ageing and obesity

Question 3

what dd koch hypothesise and when

Answer 3

germ theory of disease 1880’s

Question 4

what is koch postulates about

Answer 4

microorganisms is present in every case of disease but absent in health

Question 5

how can koch’s postulates be confirmed

Answer 5

suspected organisms isolated and grown in pure culture then inoculate healthy see if become diseased

Question 6

what should be seen form the pt’s innoculum of infectious agent

Answer 6

Ab in pt’s serum

Question 7

what are the major groups of infectious agents

Answer 7

protozoa
fungi
bacteria
viruses

Question 8

what are protozoa

Answer 8

single celled animals
eukaryote
e.g. malaria

Question 9

what are fungi

Answer 9

higher plant like organism
eukaryotes
e.g. candida albicans - thrush

Question 10

what are bacteria

Answer 10

generally small, single celled

prokaryotes

Question 11

what are viruses

Answer 11

very small obligate parasites
non living
resp and blod bourne

Question 12

the human body is know as a what

Answer 12

eosytem

micro- biome

Question 13

how many mammalian cells in human bod

Answer 13

10^13

Question 14

how many microorganisms in human bod

Answer 14

10^14

Question 15

what are the two types of micro organisms assc with body

Answer 15

endogenous - majority

exogenous - not normla flora

Question 16

what is a free living bacteria

Answer 16

saprophytic
feed on dead org mat
one genus sp

Question 17

what is commensal bacteria

Answer 17

organisms gains advantage but host doesn’t gain from ass

Question 18

what is a mutualistic bacteria

Answer 18

or symbiotic
relationship
host and org mutual benefit

Question 19

what is a parasitic bacteria

Answer 19

live on or in living creature causing harm/damage to host

Question 20

can organisms change lifestyle

Answer 20

yes

can e.g. free liv - parasite

Question 21

what is the mutualism and parasitism described as

Answer 21

dynamic relationship

large num bacteria in body the ability to shift and adapt

Question 22

what is mutualistic symbiotic relationship

Answer 22

organism can prod nutrients or vitamins
can degrade harmful chemicals
colonisation resistance

Question 23

hat si colonisation resistance

Answer 23

can exclude access/colonisation by pathogen

Question 24

what are some sites where there is common ‘microflora’

Answer 24

body surfaces - epi 
oral cavity 
resp tract
GI tract 
urinary tract

Question 25

is there microflora in stomach

Answer 25

not usually s cocci and lactobacilli h pylori stomach cancer

Question 26

does the colon have microflora

Answer 26

has a lot micro orgs complex micro flora obligately anaerobic sp

Question 27

is the duodenum densely populated

Answer 27

more complex | prelim s.cocci, lactobacilli, bactericides

Question 28

what si the ileum population like

Answer 28

more densely populated than jejunum | complex microflora

Question 29

what is usually sterile

Answer 29

bronchi alveoli trachea

Question 30

where can oral microbial flora found

Answer 30

``` mucosa lips, cheek and palate tongue tooth surfaces- approximate and sbginigval saliva tonsils area dentures ```

Question 31

what bac is found in gingiva

Answer 31

s. cocci | actinomyces

Question 32

what bac is found in palate

Answer 32

s.cocci | actinomyces

Question 33

what bac is found on tooth surface

Answer 33

s.cocci actinomyces fusobacterium

Question 34

what bac is found on tongue

Answer 34

s.cocci

Question 35

what bac is found in cheek

Answer 35

s.cocci | actinomyces

Question 36

what bac is found on gingival crevice

Answer 36

v.complex s.cocci actinomyces gram -ve anaerobic cocci and rods gram +ve anaerobic cocci nd rods

Question 37

how is sampling done of microflora

Answer 37

difficult to do stimulated/non stim saliva mucosal surfaces plaque

Question 38

where is s mutant found

Answer 38

saliva & approximal plaque

Question 39

where is s sanguinias found

Answer 39

tongue, saliva, approximate nd sub gingival

Question 40

where is s oralis found

Answer 40

tongue, saliva, approximal, sub gingival

Question 41

where is s salvarius found

Answer 41

tongue saliva approximal sub gingival

Question 42

where is actinomyces found

Answer 42

saliva approxiaml subgigival

Question 43

where is lactobacillus found

Answer 43

saliva | approximal

Question 44

where fusobacterium found

Answer 44

tongue saliva approximal subigiinigval

Question 45

where ar spirochetes found

Answer 45

sub gingival

Question 46

where are candida found

Answer 46

tongue | saliva

Question 47

what are some key points

Answer 47

normal flora varies imp prevent disease microflora potential pathogens change in state

Question 48

what is a pahogen

Answer 48

microbe capable of causing host damage | includes classical pathogens and opportunistic pathogens and damage prod direct or via host immune response

Question 49

what is virulence

Answer 49

measure capacity of pathogen to cause disease | microbe cause damage to host

Question 50

what is a virulence factor

Answer 50

making more or less capable of disease | component pathogen damages host not needed for survival

Question 51

what is an adhesin

Answer 51

enables binding of organism to host tissue

Question 52

what is an invasin cell

Answer 52

enables organism to avoid host defence mechanisms

Question 53

what is aggressin

Answer 53

causes damage to host directly

Question 54

what is modulin

Answer 54

induces damage to host directly

Question 55

what is the molecular level of koch postulates

Answer 55

virulence trait strongly assc with pathogenic strain inactivation dec pathogenicity gene expressed at some point

Question 56

what are produced to protect host

Answer 56

antibodies directed ag geen product to protect host

Question 57

what are limitations of koch postulates

Answer 57

organism cannot be cultured/isolated - obligate intracellular organism organism is a human pathogen

Question 58

what is a obligate pathogen

Answer 58

must cause disease for transmission | human disease

Question 59

what is an opportunistic pathogen

Answer 59

do not have to cause disease for transmission | animal pathogen

Question 60

what is an 'accidental' pathogen

Answer 60

disease hinders or prevents transmission | notmal flora --> disease

Question 61

what are some examples of obligate pathogen

Answer 61

TB | csyphilus

Question 62

what are examples of opportunistic pathogens

Answer 62

vibrio cholera

Question 63

what are some examples of accidental pathogens

Answer 63

meningitis

Question 64

what is epidemiology

Answer 64

study of occurnace, spread and control of disease

Question 65

what do u consider for any organism in epidemiology

Answer 65

``` infection dose virulence of organism host status (resistance) ```

Question 66

what is sporadic

Answer 66

not consistent | small peaks

Question 67

what is endemic

Answer 67

present whole time at low level

Question 68

what is epidemic

Answer 68

sudden spike to high level location of significant land area

Question 69

what is pandemic

Answer 69

travels the whole world | 2 or more continents

Question 70

whats prevalence

Answer 70

proportion of pop affected

Question 71

what is retrospective

Answer 71

clinical effect studied

Question 72

what is prospective

Answer 72

pop expo to presumed cause studied

Question 73

what is microflora

Answer 73

endogenous pop of microbes

Question 74

simply what is koch postulates

Answer 74

basis for demo cause of disease

Question 75

what is pahogeniciyt

Answer 75

capacity to cause disease/damge

Question 76

what is virulence

Answer 76

relative ability to cause disease