M5 Routes of Transmission

Question 1

what is he basic idea of pathogenesis

Answer 1

way pathogen release spread and contact a host

Question 2

what are he steps of pathogenesis

Answer 2

adhere/colonise and invade
evade host defences
multiply/divide its life cycle
exit host

Question 3

what are the two main routes of transmission

Answer 3

direct and indirect

Question 4

what is direct contact

Answer 4

actual contact with pathogen some transmission

Question 5

what is direct contcat

Answer 5

common vehicle

infected water, touched surface, needle

Question 6

what are the ways a droplet can infect

Answer 6

cough
sneeze
talking
procedure

Question 7

what is the size of airborne particles

Answer 7

5 micrometres or small particles

Question 8

how can some bac be airborne from mouth

Answer 8

high speed drill use in aq enviro

Question 9

what are some examples of a common vehicle

Answer 9

food
water
medications
equipment

Question 10

what is an example of vector borne disease

Answer 10

malaria from mosquitos

Question 11

what are the 5 I’s of spreading an infection

Answer 11

Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation
mother to Infant 
INtercourse

Question 12

why is it important to know the 5 I’s of trnsmission

Answer 12

if known can interrupt transmission

principles apply in healthcare and community settings

Question 13

what is the inhalation to attain an infection

Answer 13

resp trcat

direct contact - pt to dentists

Question 14

how is direct inhalation taken out

Answer 14

saliva sneezing drill aerosol

Question 15

what is the indirect airborne spread of inhalation

Answer 15

droplets contaminate material first host makes contact with material droplets evaporate to form droplet nuclei

Question 16

what is an example of indirect arbour inhalation

Answer 16

influenza
m TB
chicken pox
measles

Question 17

what is the travelling of a droplet known as

Answer 17

environmental disperiosnn

Question 18

what si the etiquette of cough/sneeze

Answer 18

cover nose/mouth w/tissues
dispose in waste bin
wash hands with soap
keep contaminated hands away from mucous mems

Question 19

what precautions are then to protect from droplets

Answer 19

gloves
masks
arpon 
eye protection
vaccination

Question 20

what can happen to skin and mucous mems when in direct contact with infectious agent

Answer 20

skin to skin = impetigo, warts, ringworm

Question 21

what can happen to having intercourse with indiv with infectious agent

Answer 21

STD or venereal
disease
gonorrhoeae

Question 22

what can haooent o skin nd mucous memes with indirect contact of ingestion/inocluation or intercourse

Answer 22

breach barrier - cuts, burns, tooth extractions
tissue accessible to infectious material
- commensal s. aureus

Question 23

what si the skin microbiota like on the hand

Answer 23

skin aerobic bac

fingertips 0-3000 colonies

Question 24

what si procedure fro clothing etc in clinical areas assc with hands

Answer 24

bare below elbow
no neck tie
short sleeve
no wrist watch

Question 25

what are some ways of inoculation of infectious agents

Answer 25

animal vectors needlestick accident contaminated needles

Question 26

what are some diseases that use an animal vector

Answer 26

y. pestis rabies malaria

Question 27

what are some needlestick accidents

Answer 27

hep B and C | HIV

Question 28

is hep or HIV more effective at trans

Answer 28

HEP B AND C

Question 29

how can contaminated needles spread disease

Answer 29

drug addicts poor hygiene needle reuse

Question 30

what si the most likely means of transmission to healthcare workers

Answer 30

inoculation of infected blood by sharps | blood splashing onto broken skin or mucous mem

Question 31

what si more effective direct contact or splashing

Answer 31

direct contact 10X more effective

Question 32

how are sharps disposed of

Answer 32

have designated bins waste stream orange clinical waste

Question 33

what is mother to infant transmission

Answer 33

vertical transmission

Question 34

how does vertical transmission occur

Answer 34

transplacental | birth blood and contact

Question 35

what possibilities can occur from mother to infant transmission

Answer 35

viruses - HIV, Herpes STD's - gonorrhoea, Syphilis S.cocci fusobacteria - still birth

Question 36

what is important to know from vertical transmission

Answer 36

that cannot judge child ro infant as disease free as vertical transmission can occur may be HIV positive for examples

Question 37

what can affect the alimentary canal via ingestion

Answer 37

water food and milk contact infection

Question 38

how can ingestion transmission affect through water

Answer 38

contaminated water, sewage drink

Question 39

how can food and milk affect ingestion transmission

Answer 39

contaminated at source - myco TB | contaminated thro storage

Question 40

how doe contact infection cause ingestion transmisson

Answer 40

poor hygiene | contaminated hands/utensils

Question 41

again what are most routes of entry

Answer 41

``` inhalation skina nd mucous mems injection vertical transmission ingestion urinary tract ```

Question 42

how is the urinary tract a possible route of entry

Answer 42

transfer to intestinal bac | cystitis, kidney infections

Question 43

what are some common precautions taken when infected infdividua

Answer 43

isolation/eradication prevention transmission protect susceptible individuals

Question 44

what is the isolation/eradication that can occur

Answer 44

quarantine destroy vaccinate

Question 45

how can prevention of trnamsiion occur

Answer 45

avoid direct contact - gloves, condoms, filter air | treatment -sterlise, disinfect, wet dating

Question 46

what is wet dating

Answer 46

just wet cloth

Question 47

what is a means of protecting susceptible individuals

Answer 47

vaccination, prohpylatct antibiotics used | socio - economic conditions, diet, etc

Question 48

how many pt acquire infection during hospital stay

Answer 48

6.4%

Question 49

what are some reason for drops in HAI

Answer 49

``` hand washing protective gear regular cleaning isolating pt's appropriate use of antibiotics ```

Question 50

what are hAI's

Answer 50

healthcare assc infections

Question 51

what si the rate of HAU in UK

Answer 51

9%

Question 52

what are some factors influence disease transmission

Answer 52

agent environment host

Question 53

what are some facts about the agent

Answer 53

``` infectivity pathogenicity virulence antigenic stability survival and resistance ```

Question 54

what are some facts about the environment

Answer 54

``` weather housing geography occupational setting air quality food ```

Question 55

what are some factors to do with the host

Answer 55

``` age sex genetics behaviour nutritional status health status ```

Question 56

what are some antibacterial defences

Answer 56

``` physical systems chemical denfeces barriers cellular replcement normal microflora antimicrobial peptides acute phase response acquired immunity ```

Question 57

what is classic complement function

Answer 57

Ab recognises Ags

Question 58

what is the classical pathway of complement

Answer 58

``` C1 complex binds Fc potions Ab C1 complex activated cleaves C4 and C2 C4bC2a complex formed cleaves C3 C3b allows products to bind that kill bacteria and marks cells for phgocytosiss ```

Question 59

what is MAC

Answer 59

membrane attack complex

Question 60

what does MAC activavt

Answer 60

C3b which cleaves C5

Question 61

what is important bout skin environment

Answer 61

``` periodic drying moist areas acidic pH high salt inhibitory substances ```

Question 62

what are some inhibitory substances

Answer 62

lysosyme cathelicidins oleic acid

Question 63

what bacteria are commonly isolated form moist areas

Answer 63

staphylococcus and corynebacterium

Question 64

what is an example of coagulate -ve

Answer 64

staphylococcus spp

Question 65

what are some major pathogens of skin microbiota

Answer 65

``` s. aureus s,cocci bacillus candida sometimes mycobacterium ```

Question 66

what is the concept of transient flora

Answer 66

occur when skin is not washed/ tired efficiently such as s.aureus