midtier study guide Flashcards
1
Q
Urinary System
A
Kidneys: Filter blood and produce urine.
Ureters: Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder: Stores urine.
Urethra: Tube through which urine is eliminated from the body.
2
Q
Structures in kidney
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Nephrons, which consist of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
Renal corpuscles, located in the renal cortex.
Renal tubules, which extend into the medulla.
Renal hilum, a critical area on the kidney’s surface where essential substances pass in and out.
Renal cortex, containing most of the nephrons.
Renal medulla, containing some juxtamedullary nephrons and other structures
3
Q
Kidneys
A
the kidneys are bilateral bean-shaped organs, reddish-brown in colour and located in the posterior abdomen. Their main function is to filter and excrete waste products from the blood. They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body.
4
Q
Nephron (Glomerulus & Renal tubule)
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Functional unit of the kidney
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached renal tubule
1. The glomerulus is an integral part of the nephron, and each kidney has approximately a million nephrons
2. The glomerulus brings blood (and the waste products it carries) to the nephron2.
5
Q
Calyces
A
is a medical term that refers to a flower-shaped or funnel-shaped structure.
6
Q
Renal pelvis
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The renal pelvis is an enlarged upper end of the ureter, the tube through which urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
7
Q
cyst/o
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pertaining to bladder
8
Q
nephr/o
A
is a combining form that refers to the kidney
9
Q
ren/o
A
ren/o or nephr/o is a combining form that refers to “kidney”
10
Q
pyel/o
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is a combining form that means pelvis, usually the renal pelvis.
11
Q
lith/o
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is a medical term prefix that means “stone
12
Q
noct/o
A
indicates something occurring at night
13
Q
olig/o
A
means ‘scanty’ or ‘few
14
Q
URIA
A
denotes the presence in the urine
15
Q
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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test to measure the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood
16
Q
Creatinine (Cr)
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measure of how well the kidneys are doing their job of filtering waste from the blood.
17
Q
Cystoscopy
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Cystoscopy is a procedure used to diagnose and treat urinary tract problems
18
Q
Hemodialysis (HD)
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treatment for kidney failure that occurs at end stage renal disease (ESRD). It involves filtering your blood outside your body through a dialyzer or “artificial kidney” to remove unwanted waste, toxins, and excess fluids
19
Q
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
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treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, known as the peritoneum, to filter waste products and excess fluids from your blood
20
Q
KUB
A
(kidneys,ureters, bladder)
21
Q
ARF
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stands for Acute Renal Failure,
22
Q
CKD
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the condition where the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood properly.
23
Q
ESRD
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End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease.
24
Q
UA
A
urine analysis
25
Female reproductive system
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes,
Uterus (womb), Vagina:
Cervix: Vulva, Mammary glands and breasts:
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Ovary (Ovaries)
Produce eggs (ova) and female sex hormones
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Fallopian tubes
Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
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Uterus
Uterus (womb): Where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy.
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Cervix
Cervix: The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
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Endometrium
Mucous membrane lining the uterus
31
Menarche
the first menstrual period in a female adolescent
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Menopause
Menopause: The point in time when you’ve gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual cycle.
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cervic/o
Neck or cervix
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hyster/o
meaning "womb" or "uterus"
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mamm/o
breast
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mast/o
breast
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oophor/o
ovary
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salping/o
uterine or Fallopian tube.
39
Male reproductive system
testes, the epididymis, the penis, and the ducts and glands that produce and carry semen.
The structures of the male reproductive system include the testes, the epididymis, the penis, and the ducts and glands that produce and carry semen. Sperm exit the scrotum through the vas deferens. The spermatic cord is an enclosed sheath which includes the vas deferens, arteries, veins and nerves. The seminal vesicles and prostate add fluids to the sperm to create semen
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Testis (testes)
Male gonads
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Epididymis
Epididymis: A coiled tube attached to each testis.
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Vas deferens
The duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens
43
Prostate gland
A gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra that contributes fluid to semen during ejaculation
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orch/o; orchi/o
to "testis (testicle)
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prostat/o
Prostate gland
46
PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen
measured to screen for prostate cancer or other prostate-related conditions1.
47
Cystoscopy
instrument to study bladder
48
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
is a surgery used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate
49
Nervous system
It is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which act together to serve as the communicating and coordinating system of the body, carrying information to the brain and relaying instructions from the brain.
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Neuron
A neuron is a nerve cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.
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Ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies found outside of the central nervous system.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central nervous system, system of nerve tissue in vertebrates that consists of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system controls both voluntary movements, such as those involved in walking and in speech, and involuntary movements, such as breathing and reflex actions.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is part of the nervous system that consists of nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
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Cerebrum
Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Divided into lobes, it coordinates thought, movement, memory, senses, speech, and temperature.
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum Coordinates movements, controls posture and balance.
The cerebellum is a major structure of the hindbrain that is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements.
56
Meninges
Meninges are three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
57
Blood-brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system,
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF stands for Cerebrospinal fluid, which is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
The term CVA stands for cerebrovascular accident, which is a medical term for a stroke. It refers to a disruption of blood flow to the brain
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encephal/o
refers to brain
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mening/o
for membranes, meninges
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neur/o
word part for nerve, nerve tissue
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-algia
to indicate pain
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-phasia
to "speech
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LP
lumbar puncture
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meningi/o
word part for membranes, meninges
67
Cardiovascular system
the blood-vascular, or simply the circulatory, system. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. As the name implies, blood contained in the circulatory system is pumped by the heart around a closed circle or circuit of vessels as it passes again and again through the various "circulations" of the body.
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Artery
Arteries: Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Vein
Veins: Vessels that bring blood back to the heart.
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Capillaries
Capillaries: Tiny vessels that branch off from arteries to deliver blood to all body tissues
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Vena cava
Cardiovascular System ppt
The vena cava refers to two large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. There are two types:
Superior vena cava: Carries blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium of the heart.
Inferior vena cava: Carries blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium of the heart.
72
Aorta
The aorta is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart
73
Right atrium
The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. It is the first chamber to receive deoxygenated blood returning from the body. The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood and directs it on a pathway to get oxygen from the lungs. It then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
74
Right ventricle
The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.
75
Left atrium
the left atrium is a thin-walled chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the left ventricle for ejection into the systemic circulation, It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the body.
76
Left ventricle
The left ventricle is one of the four main parts of the heart. It is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body
77
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract
78
Diastole
called diastole) where the heart chamber is in a state of relaxation and fills with blood that receives from the veins
79
Systole
where the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries.
80
Sphygmomanometer
that refers to an instrument for measuring blood pressure, especially arterial blood pressure.
81
angi/o
The medical term "angi/o" refers to blood or lymph
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cardi/o
heart
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cyan/o
blue
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phleb/o
veins
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thromb/o
Pertaining to a blood clot
86
BBB
Bundle Branch Block
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CABG
CABG stands for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, which is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart.
88
CHF
congestive heart failure
89
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
90
PE
pulmonary embolism
91
MI
MI (Myocardial Infarction) is a medical term commonly known as a heart attack.
92
NSTEMI
Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) characterized by a partial artery blockage that results in reduced flow of oxygenated blood to the heart and infarction
93
STEMI
A heart attack with a completely blocked coronary artery is called a STEMI. STEMI stands for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
94
Respiratory system
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose and Nasal Cavity: The primary entry point for air. The nasal cavity warms, humidifies, and filters the air. It also contains olfactory receptors for the sense of smell.
Sinuses: Air-filled cavities within the bones of the skull. They help lighten the weight of the skull, warm and moisten the air, and enhance voice resonance.
Pharynx (Throat): A muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx. It serves as a pathway for both air and food.
Larynx (Voice Box): Located at the top of the trachea, it is responsible for sound production and also protects the trachea from food aspiration.
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea (Windpipe): A cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, providing a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
Bronchi and Bronchioles: The trachea divides into two main bronchi (left and right), which enter each lung and branch into smaller bronchioles. These passages further divide and become narrower, ending in tiny air sacs.
Lungs: The lungs are the main respiratory organs, where gas exchange occurs. The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes to accommodate the heart.
Alveoli: Microscopic air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. A network of capillaries surrounds the alveoli. The thin layer between air in the alveoli and the neighboring capillaries allows O₂ to diffuse into the blood and CO₂ to diffuse out.
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Mediastinum
Mediastinum is a visceral compartment of the thoracic cavity that separates the two pleural cavities.
96
Trachea
(windpipe)-The airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (large airways that lead to the lungs)
97
Bronchi (bronchus)
Bronchus is the plural form of bronchus, which refers to the large-bore air passages that lead from the trachea to the lungs.
98
Lung lobes (right vs left)
The right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
The left lung is smaller and only contains two lobes: superior and inferior2
99
Alveoli
Alveoli (singular: alveolus) are tiny air sacs in the lungs that play a crucial role in the respiratory system.
100
Epiglottis
the epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that covers the larynx (voice box)
101
Diaphragm
the musculomembranous partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
102
Nares
refer to the openings of the nose
103
Pleura
The pleura is a thin serous membrane that covers each lung and lines the thoracic cavity.
104
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung
105
Pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
106
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves examining the airways using a bronchoscope,
107
Thoracentesis
Also known as pleural fluid analysis, thoracentesis is a procedure that removes fluid or air from the chest through a needle or tube
108
bronch/o
Bronch- is a combining form meaning bronchus, the air tubes of the lung
109
pleur/o
Pleur is a medical term that refers to the pleura, the serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.
110
pneum/o
lungs
111
thorac/o
chest
112
-pnea
breathing
113
-thorax
Thorax is the part of the body between the neck and abdomen, containing the heart, lungs, and other organs.
114
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
115
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
116
PE
pulmonary embolism
117
SOB
shortness of breathe
