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chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?

A

Regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.

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2
Q

What do hormones bind to in target tissues?

A

Receptors.

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3
Q

Which glands are classified as endocrine glands?

A
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreas
  • Pituitary gland
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Pineal gland
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4
Q

What is the function of exocrine glands?

A

Send chemical substances via ducts to the outside of the body.

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5
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
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6
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Sex hormones
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9
Q

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?

A

Influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins and are anti-inflammatory.

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10
Q

What is a major hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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11
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen.

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12
Q

What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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13
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gonadotropic hormones
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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14
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

Stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus.

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15
Q

What hormone stimulates ovulation in females?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

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16
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream.

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17
Q

What is the major hormone secreted by the testes?

A

Testosterone.

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18
Q

What is the major hormone secreted by the ovaries?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
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19
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Increases blood sugar.

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20
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Increases salt reabsorption.

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21
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.

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22
Q

What is a common condition associated with hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease.

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23
Q

What is a symptom of hypothyroidism?

A

Myxedema.

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24
Q

What is Cushing syndrome associated with?

A

Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.

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25
What condition is caused by hyposecretion of adrenal hormones?
Addison disease.
26
What hormone decreases blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin.
27
What hormone increases water reabsorption by the kidney?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
28
Fill in the blank: The outer section of each adrenal gland is the _______.
adrenal cortex
29
True or False: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
True.
30
What is the term for the cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland?
Sella turcica.
31
What is the role of catecholamines?
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.
32
What is the definition of homeostasis?
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.
33
What is the definition of a hormone?
Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland.
34
What is hypersecretion?
Excessive secretion of hormones.
35
What condition is characterized by hyperparathyroidism?
Increased parathyroid hormone leading to elevated calcium levels.
36
What is a consequence of hyperparathyroidism?
Loss of bone density.
37
What condition can result from hyperparathyroidism?
Kidney stones.
38
What does hypercalcemia refer to?
Elevated calcium levels in the blood.
39
What is hyposecretion?
Insufficient secretion of hormones.
40
What is hypoparathyroidism?
Decreased parathyroid hormone leading to low calcium levels.
41
What are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
Muscle and nerve weakness, tetany.
42
What is hypocalcemia?
Low levels of calcium in the blood.
43
What does adrenal virilism cause?
Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening.
44
What condition is associated with Cushing syndrome?
Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition.
45
What is Addison disease?
Deficient mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
46
What are symptoms of Addison disease?
Hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure.
47
What is pheochromocytoma?
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla causing excess epinephrine and norepinephrine.
48
What are symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, muscle spasms.
49
What is hyperinsulinism?
Excess insulin leading to hypoglycemia.
50
What is diabetes mellitus?
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance to insulin.
51
What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?
Childhood onset, typically.
52
What characterizes Type 2 diabetes?
Adult onset, typically.
53
What is acromegaly?
Hypersecretion of growth hormone leading to enlargement of extremities.
54
What is gigantism?
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood leading to excessive growth.
55
What does SIADH stand for?
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH.
56
What is the result of excess ADH?
Excess water retention.
57
What is diabetes insipidus?
Deficient ADH leading to polyuria and polydipsia.
58
What does fasting plasma glucose (FPG) measure?
Circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours.
59
What do serum and urine tests measure?
Hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc.
60
What do thyroid function tests measure?
T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream.
61
What does the abbreviation A1C stand for?
Blood test measuring glycosylated hemoglobin.
62
What does ACTH stand for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone.
63
What does ADH stand for?
Antidiuretic hormone – vasopressin.
64
What is the meaning of the combining form 'aden/o'?
Gland.
65
What does the combining form 'adrenal/o' refer to?
Adrenal glands.
66
What is the meaning of the suffix '-emia'?
Blood condition.
67
What does the prefix 'hyper-' mean?
Excessive, above.
68
What does the prefix 'hypo-' mean?
Deficient, below.
69
What is the pathologic condition characterized by enlargement of extremities due to hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty?
Acromegaly.

medical term (25 decks)

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