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chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system composed of?

A

Bones, muscles, and joints of the body

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2
Q

What is the primary function of bones?

A

Structural support and protection of internal organs

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3
Q

What do muscles facilitate in the body?

A

Internal and external movement

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4
Q

What are joints?

A

Where bones come together; type determined by need for flexibility

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5
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Bind muscles to bones

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6
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Bind bones to other bones

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7
Q

What is ossification?

A

Replacement of cartilage with bone

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8
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage

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9
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Nourish and maintain bone

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10
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)

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11
Q

What is necessary for proper bone formation?

A

Calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D

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12
Q

What is the diaphysis of a bone?

A

Shaft

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13
Q

What is the epiphysis of a bone?

A

End

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14
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Conelike flared portion between end and shaft

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15
Q

What is the epiphyseal line or plate?

A

Growth plate where cartilage is replaced by bone for bone growth

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16
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around outer portion of bones

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17
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Spongy, porous bone tissue in inner part of bone

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18
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

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19
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

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20
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells

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21
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

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22
Q

What is the function of processes on bones?

A

Serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

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23
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Sac of fluid near a joint

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24
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a joint cavity

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25
What does the term 'articular cartilage' refer to?
Smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
26
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of any joint
27
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Chronic progressive stiffening of joints
28
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Lines synovial cavity and produces synovial fluid
29
What is the combining form for bone?
oste/o
30
What does the suffix '-blast' indicate?
Embryonic cell
31
Fill in the blank: The process of bone formation is _______.
ossification
32
True or False: The skull bones include the ethmoid, frontal, and parietal bones.
True
33
What is the term for the rounded depression in the pelvis that joins the femur?
acetabulum
34
What is the term for the fibrous connective band that binds muscles to bones?
tendon
35
What is the cranial bone that contains the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone
36
What are the five divisions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
37
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bone
38
What is the function of ligaments?
Bind bones to other bones
39
What is the term for inflammation of any joint?
Arthritis ## Footnote Arthritis can occur in various forms, affecting different joints.
40
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine ## Footnote This condition primarily affects the spine and can lead to a hunched posture.
41
What causes gouty arthritis?
Excessive uric acid in the body ## Footnote Gout often leads to sudden and severe pain in the joints.
42
What is osteoarthritis (OA)?
Loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces ## Footnote OA is common in older adults, particularly affecting the spine, hips, and knees.
43
What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane) ## Footnote RA can lead to joint damage and deformity over time.
44
What is a bunion?
Swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone ## Footnote Bunions can cause pain and difficulty in walking.
45
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Compression of median nerve as it passes between transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist ## Footnote Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand.
46
What is a dislocation?
Displacement of bone from a joint ## Footnote Dislocations can result from trauma or injury.
47
What is a ganglion?
A fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist ## Footnote Ganglions can vary in size and may cause discomfort.
48
What is herniation of an intervertebral disc?
Abnormal protrusion of the disc into the neural canal or against spinal nerves ## Footnote Commonly referred to as a 'slipped disc'.
49
What disease is characterized by recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms?
Lyme disease ## Footnote Often marked by a 'bull's eye' rash at the site of the tick bite.
50
What is a sprain?
Trauma to joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments without rupture ## Footnote Sprains can vary in severity from mild to severe.
51
What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs ## Footnote SLE affects collagen in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage.
52
What are the three types of muscles?
Striated, smooth, cardiac ## Footnote Each type has distinct functions and control mechanisms.
53
What type of muscle is under voluntary control?
Striated muscle ## Footnote These muscles are responsible for moving bones and facial expressions.
54
What type of muscle moves internal organs?
Smooth muscle ## Footnote Smooth muscles are involuntary and control functions like digestion.
55
What type of muscle is found exclusively in the heart?
Cardiac muscle ## Footnote Cardiac muscle is not consciously controlled.
56
What is flexion?
Bending a limb at a joint ## Footnote Flexion decreases the angle between body parts.
57
What is the definition of abduction?
Movement away from midline of body ## Footnote Abduction is essential for various physical activities.
58
What is dorsiflexion?
Upper movement of the foot ## Footnote Dorsiflexion is important for walking and maintaining balance.
59
What is the insertion of a muscle?
Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves ## Footnote This is the point where muscle action exerts force.
60
What is the origin of a muscle?
Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone ## Footnote The origin remains fixed during muscle contraction.
61
What is plantar flexion?
Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground ## Footnote Plantar flexion is crucial for activities like standing on tiptoe.
62
What is the term for turning the palm downward?
Pronation ## Footnote This movement is commonly associated with certain sports and activities.
63
What does the suffix '-asthenia' mean?
Lack of strength ## Footnote This term is often used in medical diagnoses.
64
What does the suffix '-trophy' refer to?
Development, nourishment ## Footnote This term is commonly used in relation to muscle health.
65
What laboratory test measures the rate of red blood cell sedimentation?
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ## Footnote This test helps detect inflammation in the body.
66
What is an arthrocentesis?
Procedure to remove fluid from a joint ## Footnote This procedure can help diagnose joint conditions.
67
What does 'RA' stand for in medical abbreviations?
Rheumatoid arthritis ## Footnote RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting joints.
68
What does 'NSAID' stand for?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ## Footnote NSAIDs are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
69
What does 'EMG' stand for?
Electromyography ## Footnote EMG is used to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them.
70
Movement toward the midline of the body is ____________.
Adduction ## Footnote Adduction is the opposite of abduction.

medical term (25 decks)

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