chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What is sexual reproduction?
A
The union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell
2
Q
What are gametes?
A
Ovum and sperm cells
3
Q
Where are gametes produced?
A
In the gonads
4
Q
What are the female and male gonads?
A
- Ovaries (female)
- Testes (male)
5
Q
How many chromosomes does each gamete contain?
A
Half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell
6
Q
What happens during fertilization?
A
An ovum leaves the ovaries and unites with sperm cells
7
Q
What is a zygote?
A
A ball of cells formed after the fertilized egg implants and divides
8
Q
List the organs of the female reproductive system.
A
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Cul-de-sac
- Vagina
- Bartholin glands
- Clitoris
- Perineum
9
Q
What occurs during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
A
Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular secretions discharge from the body
10
Q
What role does estrogen play during days 6-12 of the menstrual cycle?
A
Aids repair of endometrium and the ovum grows in the follicle
11
Q
What happens on days 13-14 of the menstrual cycle?
A
The egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tube
12
Q
What does the corpus luteum secrete during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?
A
Progesterone
13
Q
What is the placenta?
A
A vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy
14
Q
What hormone does the placenta produce?
A
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
15
Q
What maintains placenta development during pregnancy?
A
Progesterone
16
Q
What is the normal delivery fetal position?
A
Cephalic presentation (head first)
17
Q
What are the three phases of labor?
A
- Dilation and thinning of the cervix
- Birth of the infant
- Delivery of the placenta
18
Q
What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?
A
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
19
Q
What is menopause?
A
The gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
20
Q
What is the adnexa of the uterus?
A
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
21
Q
Define amnion.
A
Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
22
Q
What are Bartholin glands?
A
Small, mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice
23
Q
What is the cervix?
A
Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus
24
Q
What does the chorion refer to?
A
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo
25
What is the function of the clitoris?
Sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra
26
What is coitus?
Sexual intercourse; copulation
27
What does the corpus luteum do after the release of the egg cell?
Secretes progesterone
28
What is the cul-de-sac?
Region in lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus
29
Define embryo.
Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks
30
What is the endometrium?
Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
31
What hormone is produced by the ovaries that promotes female secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen
32
What is the function of the fallopian tube?
Duct through which the ovum travels to the uterus
33
What is fertilization?
Union of sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops
34
Define fetus.
Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks
35
What are fimbriae?
Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
36
What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
Stimulates maturation of the ovum
37
What is a gamete?
Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum
38
What does gestation refer to?
Period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
39
What is a gonad?
Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones
40
What does gynecology study?
The female reproductive organs, including the breasts
41
What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy
42
What is the hymen?
Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
43
What are labia?
Lips of the vagina
44
What is the function of lactiferous ducts?
Tubes that carry milk within the breast
45
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
Promotes ovulation
46
What is menarche?
Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce
47
What is myometrium?
Muscle layer of the uterus
48
What does obstetrics focus on?
Pregnancy and childbirth
49
What is the ovarian follicle?
Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary
50
What is an ovary?
One of a pair of female organs that produce egg cells and hormones
51
What is ovulation?
Release of the ovum from the ovary
52
Define ovum.
Mature egg cell (female gamete)
53
What is parturition?
Act of giving birth
54
What is the perineum?
Area between the anus and the vagina in females
55
What does the pituitary gland do?
Produces hormones to stimulate the ovaries and regulates other endocrine organs
56
What is the placenta's role during pregnancy?
Allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus
57
What is pregnancy?
Condition of having a developing embryo and fetus in female uterus for about 40 weeks
58
What does progesterone do?
Hormone produced by corpus luteum in ovary and placenta of pregnant women
59
What is puberty?
Point in life cycle at which sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
60
What is the perimetrium?
Outermost layer surrounding the uterus
61
What is the uterus?
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ where embryo and fetus develop
62
What is the vagina?
Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body
63
What is the vulva?
External female genitalia including the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice
64
What is a zygote?
Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks
65
Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?
Endometrium
66
What is the meaning of the suffix '-cyesis'?
Pregnancy
67
What does the term 'hysterectomy' refer to?
Removal of the uterus
68
What is cervical cancer?
Malignant cells within the cervix
69
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
70
What is ovarian cancer?
Malignant tumor of the ovary
71
What are ovarian cysts?
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
72
What does amniocentesis involve?
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images
73
What does the abbreviation 'C-section' stand for?
Cesarean section
74
What does 'D & C' refer to?
Dilation and curettage
75
What does the abbreviation 'BRCA1/BRCA2' indicate?
Genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
76
What does the APGAR scoring chart assess?
Assessment of newborn health 1 to 5 minutes after birth
77
What does CA 125 stand for?
Cancer antigen 125
## Footnote
A protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer.
78
What is the meaning of C-section?
Cesarean section
79
What does CIN stand for?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
80
What is CIS in medical terms?
Carcinoma in situ
81
What does CVS stand for?
Chorionic villus sampling
82
What does Cx refer to?
Cervix
83
What is the abbreviation D & C short for?
Dilation and curettage
84
What does DCIS stand for?
Ductal carcinoma in situ
85
What does DUB stand for?
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
86
What does FHR refer to?
Fetal heart rate
87
What is the full form of FSH?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
88
What does G stand for in obstetrics?
Gravida (pregnant)
89
What does GnRH stand for?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
90
What does GYN refer to?
Gynecology
91
What is hCG?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
92
What does HDN stand for?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
93
What is HPV an abbreviation for?
Human papillomavirus
94
What does HRT stand for?
Hormone replacement therapy
95
What does HSG refer to?
Hysterosalpingography
96
What does IUD stand for?
Intrauterine device; contraceptive
97
What is IVF short for?
In vitro fertilization
98
What does LEEP stand for?
Loop electrocautery excision procedure
99
What does LH stand for in reproductive health?
Luteinizing hormone
100
What does LMP refer to?
Last menstrual period
101
What does multip mean?
Multipara; multiparous
102
What does OB stand for?
Obstetrics
103
What does para 2-0-1-2 represent?
A woman’s reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children
104
What is a Pap test?
Papanicolaou smear-test
105
What does PID stand for?
Pelvic inflammatory disease
106
What is PMS an abbreviation for?
Premenstrual syndrome
107
What does primip mean?
Primipara; primiparous
108
What does SLN biopsy or SNB stand for?
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
109
What does TAH-BSO stand for?
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
110
What does UAE refer to?
Uterine artery embolization
111
What does VH stand for?
Vaginal hysterectomy
112
What does the combining form 'amni/o' refer to?
Amnion
113
What does the combining form 'bartholin/o' refer to?
Bartholin gland
114
What does the combining form 'cephal/o' refer to?
Head
115
What does the combining form 'cervic/o' refer to?
Cervix, neck
116
What does the combining form 'chori/o' refer to?
Chorion
117
What does the combining form 'colp/o' refer to?
Vagina
118
What does the combining form 'culd/o' refer to?
Cul-de-sac
119
What does the combining form 'episi/o' refer to?
Vulva
120
What does the combining form 'galact/o' refer to?
Milk
121
What does the combining form 'gynec/o' refer to?
Woman, female
122
What does the combining form 'hyster/o' refer to?
Uterus, womb
123
What does the combining form 'lact/o' refer to?
Milk
124
What does the combining form 'mamm/o' refer to?
Breast
125
What does the combining form 'mast/o' refer to?
Breast
126
What does the combining form 'men/o' refer to?
Menses, menstruation
127
What does the combining form 'metr/o' refer to?
Uterus
128
What does the combining form 'my/o' refer to?
Muscle
129
What does the combining form 'myom/o' refer to?
Muscle tumor
130
What does the combining form 'nat/i' refer to?
Birth
131
What does the combining form 'obstetr/o' refer to?
Pregnancy and childbirth
132
What does the combining form 'olig/o' refer to?
Scanty
133
What does the combining form 'o/o' refer to?
Egg
134
What does the combining form 'oophor/o' refer to?
Ovary
135
What does the combining form 'ov/o' refer to?
Egg
136
What does the combining form 'ovari/o' refer to?
Ovary
137
What does the combining form 'ovul/o' refer to?
Egg
138
What does the combining form 'perine/o' refer to?
Perineum
139
What does the combining form 'phor/o' refer to?
To bear
140
What does the combining form 'py/o' refer to?
Pus
141
What does the combining form 'salping/o' refer to?
Fallopian tubes
142
What does the combining form 'uter/o' refer to?
Uterus
143
What does the combining form 'vagin/o' refer to?
Vagina
144
What does the combining form 'vulv/o' refer to?
Vulva
145
What does the suffix '-arche' mean?
Beginning
146
What does the suffix '-cele' mean?
Hernia
147
What does the suffix '-cyesis' mean?
Pregnancy
148
What does the suffix '-ectasis' mean?
Stretching, dilation
149
What does the suffix '-ectomy' mean?
Removal, excision
150
What does the suffix '-flexion' mean?
Flexible
151
What does the suffix '-genesis' mean?
Producing; forming
152
What does the suffix '-gravida' refer to?
Pregnancy
153
What does the suffix '-itis' mean?
Inflammation
154
What does the suffix '-pareunia' mean?
Sexual intercourse
155
What does the suffix '-parous' mean?
To bear, bring forth
156
What does the suffix '-plasia' mean?
Development, formation
157
What does the suffix '-plasty' mean?
Surgical repair
158
What does the suffix '-ptosis' mean?
Dropping, sagging
159
What does the suffix '-rrhagia' mean?
Bursting forth (blood)
160
What does the suffix '-rrhaphy' mean?
Suture
161
What does the suffix '-rrhea' mean?
Discharge
162
What does the suffix '-salpinx' refer to?
Uterine tube
163
What does the suffix '-scopy' mean?
Visual examination
164
What does the suffix '-stenosis' mean?
Tightening
165
What does the suffix '-stomy' mean?
New opening
166
What does the suffix '-tocia' mean?
Labor, birth
167
What does the suffix '-tomy' refer to?
Process of cutting
168
What does the suffix '-tresia' mean?
Opening
169
What does the suffix '-version' mean?
Act of turning
170
What does the prefix 'bi-' mean?
Two
171
What does the prefix 'dys-' signify?
Painful
172
What does the prefix 'endo-' mean?
Within
173
What does the prefix 'in-' mean?
In
174
What does the prefix 'intra-' mean?
Within
175
What does the prefix 'multi-' mean?
Many
176
What does the prefix 'nulli-' mean?
No, not, none
177
What does the prefix 'oxy-' mean?
Swift, sharp
178
What does the prefix 'peri-' mean?
Surrounding
179
What does the prefix 'pre-' mean?
Before
180
What does the prefix 'primi-' mean?
First
181
What does the prefix 'pseudo-' mean?
False
182
What does the prefix 'retro-' mean?
Backward
183
What does the prefix 'uni-' mean?
One
