chapter 11 Flashcards by Meghann Showvaker

What are the parts of the heart and associated blood vessels?

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right ventricle, Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Left atrium, Mitral valve, Left ventricle, Aortic valve, Aorta

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What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue

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Which vessels lead away from the heart?

Arteries

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What is the function of veins?

Move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues

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What are capillaries?

The smallest vessels, forming the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells

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What are the two phases of the heartbeat?

Diastole (relaxation) and Systole (contraction)

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How many times does the diastole-systole cardiac cycle occur per minute?

70 to 80 times

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What is the average amount of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction?

3 ounces

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What are the major valves of the heart?

Tricuspid valve, Pulmonary valve, Mitral valve, Aortic valve

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What does the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves produce?

The ‘lubb’ sound

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What does the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves produce?

The ‘dubb’ sound

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What is a murmur?

An abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure

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What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SA node)?

It acts as the pacemaker of the heart

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What is the function of the atrioventricular node (AV node)?

It sends the excitation wave to the bundle of His

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What is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

A record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats

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What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

The spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction

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What does the QRS wave in an ECG indicate?

The spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as they contract

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What is blood pressure?

The force that blood exerts on arterial walls

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What instrument measures blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer

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What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

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What is the relaxation phase of the heartbeat called?

Diastole

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What is the contraction phase of the heartbeat called?

Systole

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What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

The heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood

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What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A condition characterized by atherosclerosis and reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

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What are common drug therapies for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

* Nitrates (nitroglycerin) * Aspirin * Beta-blockers * ACE inhibitors * Calcium channel blockers * Statins

What is an aneurysm?

An abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

What does DVT stand for?

Deep vein thrombosis

What does the abbreviation CAD stand for?

Coronary artery disease

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

What does the term 'myocardium' refer to?

The muscular, middle layer of the heart

What is the purpose of cardiac catheterization?

To diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions

True or False: The apex of the heart is the upper tip.

False

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

pericardium

What is the term for the smallest blood vessel?

Capillary

What is the role of coronary arteries?

Carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

What condition is characterized by rapid, random contractions of the heart?

Fibrillation

What does the term 'valve' refer to in the cardiovascular system?

A structure that temporarily closes an opening so blood flows in only one direction

What does ETT-MIBI stand for?

Exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer scan ## Footnote The radioactive tracer used is often sestamibi.

What is the meaning of EVAR?

Endovascular aneurysm repair

What does FFR represent in cardiology?

Fractional flow reserve

What is HDL?

High-density lipoprotein

What does hsCRP stand for?

High sensitivity C-reactive protein

What does HTN refer to?

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

What is the purpose of an IABP?

Intra-aortic balloon pump

What does ICD stand for?

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

What is the function of IVUS?

Intravascular ultrasound

What does LAD stand for in coronary anatomy?

Left anterior descending (coronary artery)

What does LDL represent?

Low-density lipoprotein

What is LMWH?

Low-molecular-weight heparin

What does LV stand for?

Left ventricle

What is the full name of LVAD?

Left ventricular assist device

What does LVH indicate?

Left ventricular hypertrophy

What does MI stand for?

Myocardial infarction

What is a MUGA scan?

Multiple-gated acquisition scan

What does MVP refer to?

Mitral valve prolapse

What is indicated by NSR?

Normal sinus rhythm

What does NSTEMI stand for?

Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

What does NT-proBNP represent?

N-terminal pro-peptide of BNP

What does PAC stand for?

Premature atrial contraction

What is the meaning of PCI?

Percutaneous coronary intervention

What does PDA stand for?

Patent ductus arteriosus; posterior descending artery

What is PE an abbreviation for?

Pulmonary embolus

What does PVC refer to?

Premature ventricular contraction

What is the SA node?

Sinoatrial node

What does SCD stand for?

Sudden cardiac death

What does SOB indicate?

Shortness of breath

What is SPECT?

Single photon emission computed tomography

What does STEMI stand for?

ST elevation myocardial infarction

What is SVT an abbreviation for?

Supraventricular tachycardia

What does TAVR represent?

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

What is TEE?

Transesophageal echocardiography

What does TEVAR stand for?

Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair

What does TGA stand for?

Transposition of the great arteries

What is tPA?

Tissue-type plasminogen activator

What does UA refer to?

Unstable angina

What is VF an abbreviation for?

Ventricular fibrillation

What does VSD stand for?

Ventricular septal defect

What does VT refer to?

Ventricular tachycardia

What is WPW an abbreviation for?

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Which procedure involves insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter into a coronary artery?

Percutaneous coronary intervention

What does the combining form 'aneurysm/o' mean?

aneurysm

What is the meaning of the combining form 'angi/o'?

vessel

What does 'aort/o' refer to?

aorta

What is the meaning of the combining form 'arter/o'?

artery

What does 'ather/o' signify?

yellowish plaque

What does the combining form 'atri/o' refer to?

atrium

What does 'axill/o' mean?

armpit

What is indicated by the combining form 'brachi/o'?

arm

What does 'cardi/o' represent?

heart

What does 'cholesterol/o' mean?

cholesterol

What does 'coron/o' refer to?

heart

What does 'cyan/o' signify?

blue

What is the meaning of 'isch/o'?

to hold back

What does 'my/o' refer to?

muscle

What is indicated by the combining form 'myx/o'?

mucus

What does 'ox/o' mean?

oxygen

What is the meaning of 'pericardi/o'?

pericardium

What does 'phleb/o' refer to?

vein

What does 'pulmon/o' signify?

lung

What does 'rrhythm/o' indicate?

rhythm

What does 'sphygm/o' refer to?

pulse

What is indicated by the combining form 'steth/o'?

chest

What does 'thromb/o' mean?

clot

What does 'valvul/o' signify?

valve

What is the meaning of 'vas/o'?

vessel

What does 'ven/o' refer to?

vein

What does 'ventricul/o' mean?

ventricle

What does the suffix '-constriction' indicate?

narrowing

What does '-dilation' mean?

widening; stretching; expanding

What does '-emia' refer to?

blood condition

What is the meaning of '-graphy'?

process of recording

What does '-lysis' signify?

breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening

What does '-megaly' mean?

enlargement

What is indicated by the suffix '-meter'?

measure

What does '-oma' refer to?

tumor; mass; fluid collection

What does '-osis' mean?

condition; usually abnormal

What does '-plasty' signify?

surgical repair

What is indicated by the suffix '-sclerosis'?

hardening

What does '-stenosis' mean?

tightening; structure

What does '-tomy' refer to?

process of cutting

What does the prefix 'a-, an-' mean?

no; not; without

What does the prefix 'brady-' signify?

slow

What does 'de-' indicate?

lack of; down; less; removal of

What does the prefix 'dys-' mean?

bad; painful; difficult; abnormal

What does 'endo-' signify?

in; within

What does 'hyper-' mean?

above; excessive

What does 'hypo-' indicate?

deficient; below; under; less than normal

What does 'inter-' refer to?

between

What does 'peri-' mean?

surrounding

What does 'tachy-' signify?

fast

What does 'tetra-' indicate?

four

What does 'tri-' mean?

three