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General, Minimum Q Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 people who contributed to the development of microbiology

A
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Edward Jenner
  • Semmelweis Ignác
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2
Q

What is the shape and size of bacteria?

A
  • Coccus – 1µm
  • Bacillus 5-10 µm
  • Gram nega ve rods 2-4 µm
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3
Q

What are the most frequently used basic culture media?

A

Nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar

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4
Q

What are the most frequently used selec ve culture media? (2x)

A

Eosin-methyleneblue culture medium (EMB), Bismuth-sulphite agar, Clauberg
agar, Löwenstein-Jensen medium

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5
Q

What are the obligate structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?

A

Nucleoid, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane; outer membrane and
periplasmic space for Gram nega ves

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6
Q

What are the op tional structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?

A

Capsule, pilus, cilia, spore, plasmid

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7
Q

What the 4 steps of the replica on curve of bacteria?

A

Lag phase, log or exponen al phase, sta onary phase, declina on phase

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8
Q

How long does it take for an average bacterium to form colonies on agar plates?

A

Overnight (16-18 hours)

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9
Q

What does steriliza on mean?

A

Process of complete elimina on or destruc on of all forms of microbial life

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10
Q

What does disinfec on mean?

A

Process of reduc on of the number of microbes to prevent infec ons

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11
Q

Which parameters influence the effec vity of the steriliza on? (3 examples)

A
  • The number of the germs
  • The resistance of the germs
  • The concentration of the disinfectants
  • The init al time
  • The presence of the biofilm
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12
Q

What are the parameters for hot air steriliza on?

A

180°C for 1 hour, 160°C for 2 hours or 140°C for 3 hours.

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13
Q

Parameters of the autoclaving process?

A

+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10
minutes.

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14
Q

List chemical agents used for gas steriliza on! (2 examples)

A

Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone

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15
Q

What is the theore tical background of plasma sterilization?

A

Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field turns into plasma state. The produced
free radicals will kill the microbes.

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16
Q

Biological method used for checking the effec vity of the steriliza on.

A

By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was
performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cul tivated.

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17
Q

Detec tion of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?

A

LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the
LPS.

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18
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

Chemical agents used for the disinfec on of inanimate/non-living surfaces.

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19
Q

List 2 disinfectant from the provided list!

A

Isopropanol, NaOH, hypochlorite, phenol, formalin, glutaraldehyde

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20
Q

What are the anti sep c agents?

A

Chemical agents used disinfecon on animate (tissue, skin, mucous
membrane) surfaces.

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21
Q

List 2 an tisep tics from the provided list!

A

Ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, ca tionic detergent

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22
Q

What concentra on of ethanol can be used for skin disinfec on?

A

70%

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23
Q

What is the contact me of 70% ethanol used in skin disinfec tion?

A

Minimum of 1 minute

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24
Q

What concentrati on of hydrogen peroxide can be used for disinfecti on?

A

3%

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25
What does serological reaction mean?
Reaction based on the antigen-anbody reaction performed in vitro.
26
What does agglunaon mean?
Serological reacon in which binding of cellular sized angens (RBCs or bacterium cell) and their specific anbodies results in clumping.
27
Give 2 examples for reacons based on agglunaon (from the list)!
Slide agglunaon, latex agglunaon, tube agglunaon
28
List 2 reacons based on tube agglunaon!
Gruber-Widal reacon, Wright reacon, Weil-Felix reacon
29
Which infecon can be diagnosed by Gruber-Widal reacon?
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi
30
What are the bacterial cell surface angens?
O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule
31
What does anbody titre mean?
The highest diluon fold or the lowest anbody concentraon where in vitro angen-anbody reacon is sll detectable.
32
What does precipitaon mean?
Serological reacon in which binding of dissolved angens (enzyme, toxin or virus parcle) and their specific anbodies results in clumping.
33
What does iatrogenic infecon mean?
Infecon caused by medical staff during invesgaon or treatment.
34
What does nosocomial infecon mean?
Infecons acquired in a health-care facility, manifesng more than 48 hours after admission.
35
What are the contents of the vaccines? (4 examples)
Live aenuated microbe; killed/inacvated microbe, toxoid, mRNA, virus vector, subunit angens of the microbe.
36
What does native examinaon of the microbe mean in microbiology?
The microbe is examined without killing it.
37
What kind of informaon can we got by light microscopically examinaon? (3 examples)
The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the molity, the staining can be examined.
38
What are the solutions used in Gram-staining?
Sodium oxalate, crystal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsine or safranin.
39
What devices are used for anaerobic culvaon? (3 examples)
Anaerostat, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.
40
Definions: bacteriostac, bactericide
- bacteriostac: inhibits bacterial growth - bactericide: kills bacteria
41
Definion: selecve toxicity
The anbioc has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host.
42
What are the risks of anbioc therapy? (2 examples)
Allergic reacon, dysbacteriosis, inducon of resistance, direct toxicity
43
Give 3 examples for specific anbioc side effects (from the list)!
Tetracycline – teeth enamel damage, chloramphenicol – bone marrow damage, vancomycin – red man syndrome, streptomycin – hearing loss, rifampin - orange discoloraon of bodily fluids, fluoroquinolones – tendon rupture
44
Chemotherapeuc index?
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curava minima (DCM)
45
List the cell wall synthesis inhibitor anbioc classes! (3 examples)
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopepde.
46
List the glycopepde anbiocs! (2 examples)
vancomycin, teicoplanin
47
Which anbiocs alternate membrane funcon?
Polymyxines
48
List protein synthesis inhibitor anbiocs! (3 example)
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid
49
List nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors anbiocs! (2 examples)
Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim
50
List three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer!
conjugaon (plasmid), transducon (bacteriophage), transformaon (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
51
List the anbioc resistance mechanism! (3 examples)
Enzymac degradaon or modificaon of the anbiocs, efflux pump, modificaon of the anbioc binding site
52
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
53
How is MRSA treated?
Eg. Vancomycin, 5th generaon cephlosporin
54
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme
55
How are ESBL producing bacterial infecons treated?
Eg. Carbapenem
56
How are carbapenemase producing bacteria treated?
Eg. Polymyxin (colistin)
57
What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostac concentraon of an anbioc measured in µg/ml.
58
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentraon of an anbioc measured in µg/ml.
59
Define MBL, MACI and PACI!
- MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (carbapenemase) - MACI: mul-resistant Acinetobacter - PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
59
Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide of bacteria?
- Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b) - Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae) - Meningococcus vaccines against serotypes ACWY – but not B!
60
What type of immunity is induced by the BCG vaccine?
Cellular, therefore it can be given to newborns
61
What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnosc laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
Sputum and blood culture
62
What tests are performed on the sputum and blood culture of a paent with typical pneumonia? (3 examples)
Cultivation, Gram staining, biochemical reacons, serology for antigen detection, antibiotic sensivity tesng
63
What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnosc laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia? (3 examples)
Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.
64
What tests are performed on the specimens of a paent with atypical pneumonia?
Serology tests
65
Which bacterial infection can be treated by antoxin? (2 examples)
Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

Microbiology (32 decks)

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