Mod 19

Question 1

frequency corresponds to our perception of … –> … of the sound wave; perceived as high and low sounds (pitch)

Answer 1

pitch; length

Question 2

amplitude corresponds to our perception of … –> … or … of sound wave; perceived as loud and soft (volume)

Answer 2

loudness; height; intensity

Question 3

complexity corresponds to our perception of … perceived as … or ..

Answer 3

timbre; sound quality; resonance

Question 4

the outer ear collects … and funnels it to the …

Answer 4

sound; eardrum

Question 5

in the middle ear, the sound waves … and move the …, …, and … in ways that … the vibrations. the stirrup then sends these vibrations to the … of the …

Answer 5

hit the eardrum; hammer; anvil; stirrup; amplify; oval window; cochlea

Question 6

conduction hearing loss: when the … isn’t conducting soudn well to the ..

Answer 6

middle ear; cochlea

Question 7

sensorineural hearing loss: when the receptor cells aren’t … through the …

Answer 7

sending messages; auditory nerves

Question 8

exposure to sounds that are too loud to talk over can cause damage to the …, especially the …

Answer 8

inner ear; hair cells

Question 9

structures of the middle and inner ear can also be damaged by …

Answer 9

disease

Question 10

prevention methods for hearing loss include limiting exposure to noises over …decibels and treating …

Answer 10

85; ear infections

Question 11

people with conduction hearing loss may be helped by … these aids … sounds striking the eardrum, ideally amplifying only … or …

Answer 11

hearing aids; amplify; softer sounds; higher frequencies

Question 12

people with sensorineural hearing loss can benefit from a … the implant does the work of the .. in translating … into … to be sent to the brain

Answer 12

cochlear benefit; hair cells; sound waves; electrical signals

Question 13

loudness refers to more … sound vibrations. this causes a greater … of hair cells to send signals to the brain

Answer 13

intense; number

Question 14

soft sounds only activate …; louder sounds move those hair cells AND their …

Answer 14

certain hair cells; neighbors

Question 15

sounds usually reach one of our ears …, and with more …, than they reach the other ear. The brain uses this difference to generate a perception of the … the sound was coming from

Answer 15

sooner; clarity; direction

Question 16

we have senses of: … and …, four different components of the sense of …, ../… awareness

Answer 16

smell; touch; touch; body/kinesthetic

Question 17

touch is valuable for expressing and sensing …, for sharing …, …, and … for detecting the … in multiple ways, such as pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

Answer 17

feelings; affection; comfort; support; environment

Question 18

stroking adjacent pressure spots creates a …

Answer 18

tickle

Question 19

adjacet cold and pressure sensations feel ..

Answer 19

wet

Question 20

adjacent warm and cold feels …

Answer 20

searing hot

Question 21

pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. pain often warns of …, or even just to shift positions in a chair to keep …

Answer 21

severe injury; blood flowing

Question 22

not being able to feel pain means not being able to tell when we are …, …, or causing .. to our bodies

Answer 22

injured; sick; damage

Question 23

nociceptors are sensory receptors whose signals are interpreted by the brain as ….

Answer 23

pain

Question 24

the … refers to signals that travel to the spinal cord, up through small nerve fibers, which then conduct pain signals to the brain

Answer 24

pain circuit

Question 25

gate-control theory: this theory hypothesizes that the spinal cord contains a ... that ... pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. stimulating certain nerve fibers in the spinal cord through acupuncture, massage, or electrical stimulation seems to ... that gate

Answer 25

neurological 'gate'; blocks; close

Question 26

endorphins: these hormones can be released by the body to

Answer 26

reduce pain perception

Question 27

phantom limb sensation: as the brain produces false sounds (tinnitus, ear ringing) and sights (aura, lights with migraines), it can produce .. or other .. of amputated/missing arms or legs

Answer 27

pain; perception

Question 28

distraction, such as during intense athletic competition, can limit the ...

Answer 28

experience of pain

Question 29

memories of pain focus on ... moments more than ...

Answer 29

peak; duration

Question 30

tapered pain is recalled as ... than ... pain

Answer 30

less painful; abruptly-ended

Question 31

social contagion: we feel more pain if other people are ... this occurs either out of empathy/mirroring, or a shared belief that an experience is painful

Answer 31

experiencing pain

Question 32

cultural influences: we may not pay attention as much to pain if we see a high level of pain endurance as the .. for our ..., ..., or ...

Answer 32

norm; family; peer group; culture

Question 33

pain can be reduced through ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., and ...

Answer 33

drugs; acupuncture; electrical stimulation; exercise; hypnosis; surgery; relaxation training; distraction

Question 34

even the ... has real influence on pain perception. when we think we are taking pain killers or receiving acupuncture, our bodies can ...

Answer 34

placebo effect; release endorphins

Question 35

distraction with ... has helped burn victims manage intense pain

Answer 35

virtual reality immersion

Question 36

bioligcal influences on pain perception: activity in spinal cord's .. and ... ... differences in endorphin production the brain's interpretation of ... activity

Answer 36

large; small fibers; genetic; CNS

Question 37

psychological influences on pain perception: attention to ... - learning based on ... - ...

Answer 37

pain; experience; expectations

Question 38

social-cultural influences on pain perception: - ... of others - ... for other's pain - ... expectations

Answer 38

presence; empathy; cultural

Question 39

our tongues have receptors for ... different types of tastes, each of which may have had survival functions

Answer 39

five

Question 40

(tastes) sweet- ... source

Answer 40

energy

Question 41

(tastes) sour- potentially ...

Answer 41

toxic acid

Question 42

(tastes) umami- ..., proteins to ... and ... tissue

Answer 42

savoriness; grow; repair

Question 43

(tastes) bitter: potential ...

Answer 43

poisons

Question 44

(tastes) salty: ... essential to physiological processes

Answer 44

sodium

Question 45

sensory interaction occurs when different senses ...

Answer 45

influence each other

Question 46

synaesthesia is a condition when perception in one sense is ... by a sensation in a ... sense

Answer 46

triggered; different

Question 47

embodied cognition refers to the effect of body experience on ..., ..., ..., and ...

Answer 47

feelings; attitudes; thoughts; judgments

Question 48

humans have a poor ... for an animal. even so, humans have ... different types of smell receptors allowing us to detect about .. different odors

Answer 48

sense of smell; 350; 10,000

Question 49

sensations of smell take a ... to the brain, skipping the trip through the "sensory switchboard" (..) made by all the other senses

Answer 49

shortcut; thalamus

Question 50

information from the nose goes not only to the ... but also to the ... system, influencing ... and ...

Answer 50

temporal lobe; limbic; memory; emotion

Question 51

smell links ..., ... and .., and other creatures to each other through chemistry

Answer 51

lovers; parent; child

Question 52

kinesthesis ('movement feeling') refers to sensing the ... and ... of individual body parts ... to each other

Answer 52

movement; position; relative

Question 53

kinesthesis works bc sensors in the joints and muscles send signals that ... with signals from the skin, eyes, and ears

Answer 53

coordinate

Question 54

without kinesthesis, we would need to watch our limbs constantly to

Answer 54

coordinate movement