Mod 27

Question 1

Cognition refers to … and … associated with thinking, knowing, remembering,a nd communicating information

Answer 1

mental activities; processes

Question 2

cognition can include .., …, and assembling new info into …

Answer 2

reasoning; judgment; knowledge

Question 3

cognition also supports these other psychological processes: …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and …

Answer 3

attention; emotion; consciousness; perception; learning; memory; language; mental health; social interaction

Question 4

A concept is a mental grouping of similar …, …, …, …, and/or …, etc

Answer 4

objects; events; states; ideas; people

Question 5

a concept can be represented and communicated by an …, or by a … such as “chair,” “party,” or “democracy”

Answer 5

image; word

Question 6

we think we form concepts by definitions. but, we often form concepts by developing …, that is, mental images of the best … of a concept

Answer 6

definitions; prototypes; example

Question 7

we tend to mold our memories and perceptions to fit …

Answer 7

pre-existing categories/concepts

Question 8

prototypes fail us when examples stretch our ..,. as in considering whether a stool is a chair

Answer 8

definitions

Question 9

prototypes fail us when the … between concepts is fuzzy, as in judging blue-green colors or computer-blended faces

Answer 9

boundary

Question 10

prototypes fail us when examples … our prototypes, such as considering whether a whale is a mammal, or a penguin is a bird

Answer 10

contradict

Question 11

problem solving refers to the thinking we do in order to answer a … or to figure out how to resolve an …

Answer 11

complex question; unfavorable situation

Question 12

strategies for arriving at solutions include:
…and … 
… 
… 
…

Answer 12

trial; error; algorithms; heuristics; insight

Question 13

trial and error involves trying various … and if that fails, trying others

Answer 13

possible solutions

Question 14

an algorithm is a step by step … for solving a problem, methodically leading to a specific solution

Answer 14

strategy

Question 15

a heuristic is a short-cut, step-saving … or … which generates a solution quickly (but possibly in error)

Answer 15

thinking strategy; principle

Question 16

insight refers to a sudden …, a leap forward in …, that leads to a solution

Answer 16

realization; thinking

Question 17

Saltin was a monkey who saw a banana out of his reach, had an … moment when he saw the stick in the room and used it to get the banana. the monkey had never previously …

Answer 17

ah ha; used a tool

Question 18

insight refers to a …, a leap forward in thinking, that leads to a solution
we say “aha” and feel a sense of satisfaction when an answer seems to pop into our minds
joke punchlines rely on ..

Answer 18

sudden realization; sudden insight

Question 19

there are certain tendencies in human cognition which make it more difficult to find correct solutions to problems:
…, …, and …

Answer 19

confirmation bias; fixation/mental set; heuristics

Question 20

confirmation bias refers to our tendency to search for information which .., disregarding ..

Answer 20

confirms our current theory; contradictory evidence

Question 21

Peter Wason’s selection test: ‘
he gave the sequence of number “2,4,6” he asked students to guess his .., and ask him whether other certain numbers fit the rule –> study of …

Answer 21

rule; confirmation bias

Question 22

the ultimate test of our mastery of confirmation bias in psychology might be our ability to avoid confirmation bias in …

Answer 22

research

Question 23

mental set: the tendency to approach problems using a … (procedures and methods) that has … previously

Answer 23

mindset; worked

Question 24

fixation: the tendency to get stuck in one way of …; an inability to see a problem from a …

Answer 24

thinking; new perspective

Question 25

the human cognitive style of making judgments and decisions is more … than …

Answer 25

efficient; logical

Question 26

the quick-acting, automatic source of ideas we use instead of … is known as ...

Answer 26

careful reasoning; intuition

Question 27

as with problem-solving, there are mental habits which make intuition-style judgments simpler and quicker, but may lead to errors: the availability … … … … all of these habits enable us to quickly make hundreds of small gut decisions each day without bothering with systematic reasoning

Answer 27

heuristic; overconfidence; belief perseverance; framing

Question 28

we use the availability heuristic when we estimate the … of an event based on how much it … in our mind, that is, how much it's available as a mental reference

Answer 28

likelihood; stands out

Question 29

overconfidence in judgments refers to our tendency to be more … than … we overestimate the accuracy of our estimates, predictions, and knowledge

Answer 29

confident; correct

Question 30

overconfidence may have had survival value: it allows … feeling certainty reduces … and … it may allow people to gain …

Answer 30

quick decisions; stress; anxiety; social power

Question 31

belief perseverance is the tendency to hold onto our … when facing ...

Answer 31

beliefs; contrary evidence

Question 32

belief perseverance error: we interpret information in a way that fits our … we might claim that the new information is wrong, biased, or just "doesn't make sense" … are maintained by this error; people often disregard examples contradicting stereotypes by treating the new info as merely an exception, and not a challenge to the rule

Answer 32

beliefs; stereotypes

Question 33

confirmation bias is … to seek out information that contradicts your ideas whereas belief perseverance is holding on to your ideas over time, and … information that contradicts your ideas

Answer 33

not bothering; actively rejecting

Question 34

benefits and downsides of confirmation bias: enables … solutions, but misses finding out when first guesses are …

Answer 34

quick; wrong

Question 35

benefits and downsides of belief perseverance: less internal …, but more …

Answer 35

mental conflict; social conflict

Question 36

framing is the …, …, or … that affects our judgments and decisions

Answer 36

focus; emphasis; perspective

Question 37

intuition: we have seen that in complex situations, it helps to use … to avoid mistakes made by intuitive judgment.s however, research supports the idea that sometimes we need to let our unconscious mind do some work

Answer 37

careful reasoning

Question 38

...refers to the power of taking a break from careful thinking, even to "sleep on it' to allow leaps in cognition

Answer 38

incubation

Question 39

intuition may have been adaptive by helping us judge quickly what to … and what might …

Answer 39

eat; kill us

Question 40

intuition is effective when it is a product of … built up from trail and error; this hones one's judgment ot the point of being more accurate than logical analysis. the mind's ability to judge a situation from experience is more .. than any step-by-step analysis

Answer 40

expertise; efficient