Module 15: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Question 1

3 functions of lymphatic system

Answer 1

drainage
absorption
protection

Question 2

Lymph

Answer 2

interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels
3L of lymph formed a day
eventually mixes with venous blood in right atrium

Question 3

lymphatic vessels

Answer 3

capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts

Question 4

lymphatic organs and tissues

Answer 4

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
tonsils
peyers patches
appendix

Question 5

Transportation of lymph

Answer 5

only flows towards the heart (away from tissue)
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Movement of lungs/thoracic cage during breathing
Contraction of smooth muscles in walls of lymphatic vessels
valves in vessels
Contractions of nearby arteries

Question 6

Lymph capillaries

Answer 6

woven between tissue cells and blood capillaries
everywhere except bone marrow, teeth, bones, CNS and tissues lacking blood vessels
Drain excess interstitial fluid

Question 7

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 7

more valves than veins

Question 8

Lymphatic trunks

Answer 8

collect lymph from large regions of body into 2 specific lymphatic ducts

Question 9

Lymphatic ducts

Answer 9

Right - lymph from right upper body; drains into superior vena cava

Thoracic - lymph from the rest of the body; drains into superior vena cava

Question 10

Cisterna chyli

Answer 10

forms the beginning of the thoracic duct

Question 11

Lymph nodes

Answer 11

600 nodes in the body

Question 12

3 main clusters of nodes

Answer 12

axillary (armpit)
inguinal (groin)
cervical (neck)

Question 13

Structure of nodes

Answer 13

bean shaped, 1inch
Capsule around node
Cortex (outer) contains T and B cells
Meduall (inner) contains B and plasma cells
Trabeculae divide nodes into compartments
Sinuses are channels where lymph flows
Germinal enters of the follicles contains areas of diving lymphocytes

Question 14

Afferent vessels

Answer 14

transport lymph INTO the node

Question 15

Efferent vessels

Answer 15

transport lymph OUT of the node

Question 16

Functions of nodes

Answer 16

filter and clean lymph

Question 17

Spleen

Answer 17

storage tank for blood
Upper left abdominal region
White pulp (mostly lymphocytes)
Red pulp (old RBC destroyed)

Forms blood during fetal development
Filters and stores blood
Destroy old RBC
Stores Lymphocytes

Question 18

Thymus

Answer 18

Larger in children
Located within mediastinum (behind sternum)
Pink/gray color in children, yellow with age (fat)
2 lobes
Provides source of lymphocytes before birth
Secrets thymosin that stimulate T cells to attach pathogens

Question 19

Tonsils and adenoids

Answer 19

palatine - each side of throat
pharyngeal (adenoids) - near opening of nasal cavity
lingual - base of tongue

clusters of lymphatic tissue with crypts that trap foreign substances
Prevent bacteria from entering opening around nasal/oral cavities

Question 20

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Answer 20

collectively peyers patches in small intestine, appendix, other lymphoid tissue in respiratory tract

Question 21

First line of defence: nonspecific resistance general defence

Answer 21

skin
mucous membrane
tears
saliva
urine
vaginal secretions
defecation
vomiting

Question 22

second line of defence: additional

Answer 22

antimicrobial substances (protective chemicals) interferon, complement

Natural killer cells
phagocytosis
inflammation
fever

Question 23

third line of defence: specific resistance

Answer 23

immunity

T cells (cell mediated)
B cells (antibody mediated)

Question 24

antigens

Answer 24

foreign bodies capable of generating a specific response by immune system
Found the surface of pathogens

Question 25

B cells

Answer 25

develop in bone marrow | mature in bone marrow

Question 26

t cells

Answer 26

develop in bone marrow | mature in thymus

Question 27

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Answer 27

involves production of antibodies Invading antigen recognized by macrophage and t cell Helper t cell presents antigen to b cells B cells divide into plasma cells (produce antibodies) and memory b cells (recognize antigen if it invades again)

Question 28

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 28

Antigen presenting cells (APC) aka macrophages present antigen to t cell for destruction T cell divides into cytotoxic, helper, regulatory, memory

Question 29

Buboes

Answer 29

infected lymph nodes

Question 30

Autoimmune diseases

Answer 30

body treats its own tissue as being foreign Lymphocytes attack ``` Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Multiple sclerosis (MS) ```

Question 31

AIDS

Answer 31

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV virus destroys helper T cells Immune system slowly collapse

Question 32

Aging and the lymphatic system

Answer 32

incidence of infection and cancer is higher because t and b cells are deficient decreased macrophage activity Elderly take lots of drugs which may interfere with immune system