Module 4: Tissues

Question 1

4 classifications of tissues

Answer 1

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

Question 2

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 2

AKA epithelium
Covers external surface of the body and lines internal cavities and forms glands
no nerve supply or blood supply

Question 3

Tight junctions/Desmosomes

Answer 3

eip’s fit snugly together

very small amount of extracellular material between the narrow spaces of epi’s

Question 4

Apical

Answer 4

Free or open surface of the epi

Most have microvilli on their surfaces (for better absorption or secretion)

Question 5

Basal Lamina

Answer 5

non cellular, thin supporting sheet at the bottom of the epic
provides selective barrier

Question 6

Shapes of Epi’s

Answer 6

Squamous (thin, flat, nucleus shaped like disk)
Cuboidal (cube like, nucleus shaped like sphere)
Columnar (Tall and narrow, nucleus is long and narrow)

Question 7

Layers of Eips

Answer 7

Simple (one layer)

Stratified (2 or more layers)

Question 8

Simple squamous

Answer 8

lungs

for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 9

simple cuboidal

Answer 9

kidney tubules

for absorption and secretion

Question 10

simple columnar

Answer 10

digestive tract

for absorption of nutrient and secretion of mucus

Question 11

Pseudostratified Columnar

Answer 11

trachea

For secretion of mucus

Question 12

Stratified squamous

Answer 12

epidermis of skin

for protection

Question 13

Stratified cuboidal

Answer 13

swear and mammary glands

for protection

Question 14

stratified columnar

Answer 14

pharynx and male urethra

protection and secretion

Question 15

Transitional Epis

Answer 15

Lining of urinary bladder

stretches in response to tension when urine fills the bladder

Question 16

Functions of Epithelial tissues

Answer 16

Protection
Sensory functions (receptors in epis in skin, nose, eyes, ears)
Secretion (glandular epis)
Absorption
Excretion (lining in kidneys filtrates urine)

Question 17

Exocrine Glands

Answer 17

Secret substances onto free surface via ducts

substances include digestive enzymes, mucus, saliva, perspiration, breast milk

Question 18

Endocrine Glands

Answer 18

Ductless, secret their substances directly onto surround tissues and blood
Substances include: hormones from pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands

Question 19

Connective tissue types (4)

Answer 19

cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone, blood
has embryonic origin (mesenchyme)
has blood supply (vascular) except cartilage
Has an extracellular matrix

Question 20

Parts of connective tissue

Answer 20

Specialized cells (fibroblast, macrophage, plasma, mast cells)
Extracellular protein fibres (collagen, elastic)
Ground substance (liquid, gel-like or solid form)

Question 21

Collagen fibers

Answer 21

flexible and strong

found in bone and cartilage

Question 22

Elastic fibers

Answer 22

Made from elastin
not as strong as collagen (but can return to original shape)
found in skin, walls of blood vessels, lung tissue

Question 23

Reticular fibers

Answer 23

Made from collagen (but arranged differently)
thin but organized
found in soft organs such as glands and lymph nodes

Question 24

Classification fo connective tissue (5)

Answer 24

loose connective, dense connective, cartilage, bone, blood

Question 25

Loose connective tissue

Answer 25

loosely packed fibres Subcategories: Areolar Adipose Reticular

Question 26

Areolar

Answer 26

Binds organs together giving strength, elasticity and support most dispersed, found underneath tips, in cavities, between muscles

Question 27

Adipose

Answer 27

Provides protection, insulation, support and place to store energy fat tissue found under the skin, around kidneys, within abdomen and kidneys

Question 28

Reticular

Answer 28

Defends the body by filtering out microorganisms and other substances Network of branching fibres found in spleen, lymph noes, bone marrow

Question 29

Dense connective tissue

Answer 29

Densely packed fibers Subcategories: dense regular Dense irregular elastic

Question 30

Dense regular

Answer 30

provides tensile strength and flexibility for anchoring muscles to bones and bones to bones Found in tendons and ligaments

Question 31

Dense irregular

Answer 31

Withstands stresses applied from any direction | Forms the dermis (inner skin layer); and outer layer of kidneys and spleen

Question 32

Elastic (Dense connective tissue)

Answer 32

Provides strength with stretching | Found in the wall of arteries

Question 33

Cartilage tissue

Answer 33

``` Both tough and flexible (due to high water content) Lacks nerves and is avascular Specialized cells called chondrocytes Subcategories: hyaline fibrocartilage elastic ```

Question 34

Hyaline

Answer 34

Provides support with flexibility absorbs shock in joints "gristle" is most abundant type of cartilage found in ends of long bones, larynx, nose, between sternum and ribs

Question 35

Fibrocartilage

Answer 35

Provides protection and cushions body parts | found in intervertebral discs, knees, between pubic bones

Question 36

Elastic (cartilage)

Answer 36

provides support and a framework | found in the external ear and epiglottis

Question 37

Osseous

Answer 37

bone tissue | consists of bone cells that are embedded in a hard matrix of calcium and salts

Question 38

Vascular connective tissue

Answer 38

blood tissue | consists of blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Question 39

Membranes

Answer 39

Thin sheets of tissue Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (not open to the exterior of the body) Serous fluid reduces friction between cavities

Question 40

Nervous tissue

Answer 40

Conducts electrical impulses 98% of nervous tissue in is central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Composed of neurones and neuroglia (glial cells)

Question 41

Muscle tissue

Answer 41

AKA muscle fibers contain protein (actin and myosin) Muscles contract when these proteins interact 3 types: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 42

Skeletal muscle

Answer 42

Striated voluntary muscle attaches to bones of the skeleton moves body parts fastest contracting

Question 43

Smooth muscle

Answer 43

non striated involuntary muscle found in internal organs and blood vessels contraction are slower than skeletal but muscles remain contracted for a longer period of time

Question 44

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 44

striated involunatry muscle found only in the heart resembles skeletal muscle but behaves like smooth muscle

Question 45

Tissue repair

Answer 45

Regeneration and fibrosis

Question 46

Regeneration

Answer 46

replacement of cells that are identical to the originals occurs in tissues whose cells undergo replication (mitosis) ex. worn out skin cells

Question 47

Fibrosis

Answer 47

Replacement by the formation of fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) very strong but lacks flexibility and elasticity

Question 48

Steps of tissue repair

Answer 48

1) inflammation -stimulates immune system 2) organization - restores blood supply and replaces damaged cells 3) regeneration and fibrosis - the repaired tissue remoulds itself

Question 49

Tissues and aging

Answer 49

Loss in height due to fallen arches, worn out disks Decrease in lung capacity, muscle strength, kidney function Brittle bones that break Easy to bruise Joint pain Deterioration of mental functions