Flashcards in Module 4: Tissues Deck (49):
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4 classifications of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
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Epithelial Tissue
AKA epithelium
Covers external surface of the body and lines internal cavities and forms glands
no nerve supply or blood supply
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Tight junctions/Desmosomes
eip's fit snugly together
very small amount of extracellular material between the narrow spaces of epi's
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Apical
Free or open surface of the epi
Most have microvilli on their surfaces (for better absorption or secretion)
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Basal Lamina
non cellular, thin supporting sheet at the bottom of the epic
provides selective barrier
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Shapes of Epi's
Squamous (thin, flat, nucleus shaped like disk)
Cuboidal (cube like, nucleus shaped like sphere)
Columnar (Tall and narrow, nucleus is long and narrow)
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Layers of Eips
Simple (one layer)
Stratified (2 or more layers)
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Simple squamous
lungs
for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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simple cuboidal
kidney tubules
for absorption and secretion
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simple columnar
digestive tract
for absorption of nutrient and secretion of mucus
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Pseudostratified Columnar
trachea
For secretion of mucus
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Stratified squamous
epidermis of skin
for protection
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Stratified cuboidal
swear and mammary glands
for protection
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stratified columnar
pharynx and male urethra
protection and secretion
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Transitional Epis
Lining of urinary bladder
stretches in response to tension when urine fills the bladder
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Functions of Epithelial tissues
Protection
Sensory functions (receptors in epis in skin, nose, eyes, ears)
Secretion (glandular epis)
Absorption
Excretion (lining in kidneys filtrates urine)
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Exocrine Glands
Secret substances onto free surface via ducts
substances include digestive enzymes, mucus, saliva, perspiration, breast milk
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Endocrine Glands
Ductless, secret their substances directly onto surround tissues and blood
Substances include: hormones from pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands
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Connective tissue types (4)
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone, blood
has embryonic origin (mesenchyme)
has blood supply (vascular) except cartilage
Has an extracellular matrix
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Parts of connective tissue
Specialized cells (fibroblast, macrophage, plasma, mast cells)
Extracellular protein fibres (collagen, elastic)
Ground substance (liquid, gel-like or solid form)
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Collagen fibers
flexible and strong
found in bone and cartilage
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Elastic fibers
Made from elastin
not as strong as collagen (but can return to original shape)
found in skin, walls of blood vessels, lung tissue
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Reticular fibers
Made from collagen (but arranged differently)
thin but organized
found in soft organs such as glands and lymph nodes
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Classification fo connective tissue (5)
loose connective, dense connective, cartilage, bone, blood
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Loose connective tissue
loosely packed fibres
Subcategories: Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
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Areolar
Binds organs together giving strength, elasticity and support
most dispersed, found underneath tips, in cavities, between muscles
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Adipose
Provides protection, insulation, support and place to store energy
fat tissue found under the skin, around kidneys, within abdomen and kidneys
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Reticular
Defends the body by filtering out microorganisms and other substances
Network of branching fibres found in spleen, lymph noes, bone marrow
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Dense connective tissue
Densely packed fibers
Subcategories: dense regular
Dense irregular
elastic
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Dense regular
provides tensile strength and flexibility for anchoring muscles to bones and bones to bones
Found in tendons and ligaments
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Dense irregular
Withstands stresses applied from any direction
Forms the dermis (inner skin layer); and outer layer of kidneys and spleen
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Elastic (Dense connective tissue)
Provides strength with stretching
Found in the wall of arteries
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Cartilage tissue
Both tough and flexible (due to high water content)
Lacks nerves and is avascular
Specialized cells called chondrocytes
Subcategories: hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
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Hyaline
Provides support with flexibility
absorbs shock in joints
"gristle" is most abundant type of cartilage
found in ends of long bones, larynx, nose, between sternum and ribs
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Fibrocartilage
Provides protection and cushions body parts
found in intervertebral discs, knees, between pubic bones
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Elastic (cartilage)
provides support and a framework
found in the external ear and epiglottis
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Osseous
bone tissue
consists of bone cells that are embedded in a hard matrix of calcium and salts
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Vascular connective tissue
blood tissue
consists of blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
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Membranes
Thin sheets of tissue
Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (not open to the exterior of the body)
Serous fluid reduces friction between cavities
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Nervous tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
98% of nervous tissue in is central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Composed of neurones and neuroglia (glial cells)
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Muscle tissue
AKA muscle fibers contain protein (actin and myosin)
Muscles contract when these proteins interact
3 types: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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Skeletal muscle
Striated voluntary muscle
attaches to bones of the skeleton
moves body parts
fastest contracting
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Smooth muscle
non striated involuntary muscle
found in internal organs and blood vessels
contraction are slower than skeletal but muscles remain contracted for a longer period of time
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Cardiac Muscle
striated involunatry muscle
found only in the heart
resembles skeletal muscle but behaves like smooth muscle
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Tissue repair
Regeneration and fibrosis
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Regeneration
replacement of cells that are identical to the originals
occurs in tissues whose cells undergo replication (mitosis)
ex. worn out skin cells
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Fibrosis
Replacement by the formation of fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
very strong but lacks flexibility and elasticity
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Steps of tissue repair
1)inflammation -stimulates immune system
2)organization - restores blood supply and replaces damaged cells
3)regeneration and fibrosis - the repaired tissue remoulds itself
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