Module 13: Blood and Blood Vessels

Question 1

3 functions of blood

Answer 1

distribution (oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones)
regulation (body temp, pH, volume of fluid)
protection (controls bleeding, defends infection)

Question 2

Characteristics of blood

Answer 2

Fluid connective tissue
Stickly
Salty
Scarlet/dark red color
8% of body's weight
4-6L
pH 7.35-7.45
Higher than body temp

Question 3

Blood is formed of 2 things

Answer 3

plasma and formed elements

Question 4

formed elements

Answer 4

rbc, wbc, platelets

Question 5

Hematocrit

Answer 5

percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood

Males: 40-54%
Females: 38-46%

Question 6

Buffy coat of centrifuged blood

Answer 6

leukocytes and platelets

Question 7

Erythrocytes

Answer 7

120 day lifespan

Produced at rate of 2mi/second

Question 8

Hemoglobin ranges

Answer 8

Adult male: 135-180g/L
Adult female: 120-160g/L
infants: 140-200g/L

Question 9

Leukocytes

Answer 9

lifespan of a few days to 15 years

contain granulocytes or may be agranulocytes

Question 10

Granulocytes

Answer 10

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 11

Agranulocytes

Answer 11

lymphocytes

monocytes

Question 12

Thrombocytes

Answer 12

platelets
fragments of megakaryocytes
Lifespan of 7 days

Question 13

Plasma

Answer 13

intercellular matrix in blood
Straw color
55% of blood volume
90% water and 10% ions, proteins, fats, glucose, vitamins, nutrients, hormones, oxygen, co2, antibodies, waste

Question 14

vessels are lined with

Answer 14

endothelium (single layer of squamous epithelial cells)

Question 15

5 components of hemostasis

Answer 15

Form a clot: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Braking system: Fibrinolysis, Natural inhibitors/anticoagulants

Question 16

vasoconstriction

Answer 16

smooth muscle in vessel walls constrict

platelets move toward injury site

Question 17

Platelet plug formation

Answer 17

contact with collagen

platelet plug fills gap to prevent further blood loss

Question 18

coagulation

Answer 18

only if injury is severe and requires actual clot
coagulation factors activated
prothrombin to thrombin
Fibrin threads form mesh that adheres to the damaged tissue and traps blood cells and platelets to form the clot

Question 19

Fibrinolysis

Answer 19

after healing, clot is dissolved by enzymes

Question 20

Natural inhibitors/anticoagulants

Answer 20

some coagulation factors escape area of injury
natural substances in blood with dispose of escaped factors

Heparin, TPA, Streptokinase

Question 21

Vitamin K

Answer 21

produced by bacteria in large intestine
absorbed into bloodstream by colon
Stimulates liver cells to increase synthesis of prothrombin
Newborns get injection of vit K to prevent abnormal bleeding as they can’t produce it right away

Question 22

ABO groups

Answer 22

based on specific antigens on rbc membrane and antibodies in plasma

Question 23

antigen aka

Answer 23

agglutinogens

Question 24

antibodies aka

Answer 24

agglutinins

Question 25

Type A blood

Answer 25

A antigens on RBC | Anti B antibodies in plasma

Question 26

Type B Blood

Answer 26

B antigens on RBC | Anti A antibodies in plasma

Question 27

Types AB Blood

Answer 27

A and B antigens on RBC | No antibodies in plasma

Question 28

Type O Blood

Answer 28

Neither A or B antigens on RBC | Anti A and anti B antibodies in plasma

Question 29

Universal recipient

Answer 29

type AB because they have no antibodies

Question 30

Universal donor

Answer 30

type O because they have either types a or b antigens

Question 31

anastomosis

Answer 31

union of the branches of 2 or more blood vessels supplying blood to the same region

Question 32

collateral circulation

Answer 32

blood can be supplied to the area by an alternate route

Question 33

end arteries

Answer 33

arteries that do not anastomose

Question 34

3 tunics (layers) of blood vessels

Answer 34

``` Tunica Interna (Endothelium, simple squamous epi cells) Tunica Media (muscular) Tunica Externa (elastic tissue/collagen) ```

Question 35

ECG waves

Answer 35

P - SA node through walls of atria QRS - spread of impulse through walls of ventricles and recovery of the atria after contraction T - recovery of the ventricles after contraction

Question 36

Blood pressure

Answer 36

highest in arteries | Lowest in veins

Question 37

Blood pressure cuff

Answer 37

sphygmomanometer used with a stethoscope

Question 38

Regular blood pressure

Answer 38

120/80mmHg | systolic (pressure during contraction of ventricle)/ diastolic (pressure during relaxation of ventricles)

Question 39

heart rate is controlled by

Answer 39

cardiac center in medulla of brain | receives impulses from pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 40

tachycardia

Answer 40

rate above 100bpm

Question 41

bradycardia

Answer 41

rate below 60bpm

Question 42

normal heart rate

Answer 42

72bpm

Question 43

Hemophilia

Answer 43

``` inability to clot blood sex-linked hereditary disorder affects mostly males transmitted by females normal plt, but lack of plasma protein for coagulation ```

Question 44

Leukemia

Answer 44

blood cancer | chemotherapy and antineoplastic agents for treatment

Question 45

MI

Answer 45

myocardial infarction blockage of coronary arterial circulation tissue dies without oxygen Coronary bypass surgery/angioplasty to reduce heart damage

Question 46

Hypertension

Answer 46

blood pressure above 140/90mmHg | causes heart failure, kidney disease, stroke

Question 47

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 47

hardening of arteries caused by fatty deposits that develop in inner lining of blood vessel can cause MI and stroke

Question 48

Effects of aging on blood system

Answer 48

left ventricle gets smaller valves thicken, heart murmur decreased ability of heart response to stress