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Anatomy & Physiology MB > Module 1: Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Module 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

dissection

A

careful cutting apart of body structures to study

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3
Q

Physiology

A

the science of body functions

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4
Q

Embryology

A

first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

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5
Q

Developmental biology

A

complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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6
Q

Cell biology

A

Cellular structure and function

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7
Q

Histology

A

study of microscopic structure of tissues

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8
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structures that can be examined without a microscope

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9
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Structure of specific systems of the body

ex. nervous, respiratory system

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10
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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11
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

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12
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Functional properties of nerve cells

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14
Q

Endocrinology

A

Hormones and how they control body functions

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15
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Functions of the heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

Immunology

A

The body defences against disease-causing agents

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17
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

Functions of the air passageways and lungs

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18
Q

Renal physiology

A

Functions of the kidneys

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19
Q

Exercise physiology

A

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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20
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

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21
Q

Levels of structural organization (Small-high)

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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22
Q

Chemical level (simplest)

A

Interactions and combinations of atoms

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23
Q

Cellular Level

A

Combinations of molecules forming cells

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24
Q

Tissue Level

A

Similar cells working together to perform a similar function

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25
Organ Level
Several types of tissue that work together to perform a similar function
26
System Level
Several organs that each have a specific function int he overall activity of a body system
27
Organismal Level (highest)
All the body systems
28
11 Major systems
``` Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive ```
29
Integumentary System
Skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands) | Regulates body temp
30
Skeletal System
Bones of the skeleton and associated cartilage | Protects/supports organs, forms blood cells, stores minerals
31
Muscular System
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle | Produces movement, body heat
32
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves | Coordinates body actives through rapid activation of muscles and glands
33
Endocrine System
Ductless Grands that secrete hormones | Regulates metabolism and chemical reactions
34
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels | Transport nutrients, gases
35
Lymphatic/immune System
Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes | Returns extracellular fluid to the blood, defends against disease
36
Digestive System
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs
37
Respiratory System
Lungs and the tubes that bring air to and from the lungs
38
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra | Removes metabolic wastes, regulates fluid levels, acid-base levels
39
Reproductive System
Testes, glands, ducts, penis (Male) | Ovaries, ducts, uterus and vagina (female)
40
Homeostasis
In a state of equilibrium | Controlled by nervous and endocrine system
41
Negative feedback
opposes a change in the internal environment and causes a return to normal
42
Positive feedback
temporarily causes an increasing rate of events to occur until something stops the process
43
Correct Anatomical Position
Body is standing Arms at sides Palms forward; thumbs pointing away from body Head and feet pointed forward
44
Supine position
Lying face up
45
Prone position
Lying face down
46
Superior
Above a structure; toward the head
47
Inferior
Below a structure; away from the head
48
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
49
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back
50
Medial
Toward the middle
51
Lateral
Away from the middle; towards the side
52
Intermediate
Between the side and middle
53
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
54
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
55
Proximal
Closer to the origin
56
Distal
Farthest from the orgin
57
Superficial
Towards or at the body surface
58
Deep
Away from the body surface | Internal
59
Body Regions (2)
Axial | Appendicular
60
Axial
head, neck trunk (torso)
61
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs (arms, legs)
62
Sagittal plane
Vertical line that separates the body into left and right parts
63
Midsagittal (median) plane
Vertical line that separates the body into EQUAL left and right parts
64
Parasagittal plane
Vertical line that separates the body into UNEQUAL left and right parts
65
Frontal (coronal) plane
Vertical line that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
66
Transverse (horizontal) plane
AKA cross sections | Horizontal line that separates the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
67
Oblique plane
Diagonal line between the horizontal and vertical planes
68
Dorsal cavity
``` Cranial cavity (brain) Spinal cavity (spinal cord) ```
69
Ventral Cavity
``` Thoracic cavity (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, large blood vessels) separated on either side of the mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity (Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, small/large intestine, rectum, bladder, internal reproductive organs) ```
70
Diaphragm
large muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
71
Atoms
smallest unity of matter
72
Molecules
two or more atoms joined together
73
Metabolism
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
74
Catabolism
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
75
Anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
76
Basic Life processes
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
77
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within the cells
78
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside body cells, Plasma in blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humour and vitreous body (eye)
79
Interstitial fluid
ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
80
Feedback system
system where body is monitored 1) Receptor - monitors changes and sends input 2) Control center - sets range of values for a controlled condition and outputs 3) Effector - structure that receives output and produces a response
81
Serous Membrane
slippery, double layered membrane associated with body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior
82
Pleura
Serous membrane of the lungs
83
Pericardium
Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
84
Peritoneum
Serous membrane over abdominal cavity

Anatomy & Physiology MB (19 decks)

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