Flashcards in Module 16: The Respiratory System Deck (48)
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functions of respiratory system
continuous supply of oxygen for metabolic activities
Removal of CO2
Regulation of pH of blood
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Processes of respiratory system
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration
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Pulmonary ventilation
aka breathing in and out
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External respiration
exchange of gases between blood and lungs
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Transport of respiratory gases
gases are transported in RBC and blood plasma
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Internal respiration
exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells
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Structures of respiratory system (2 zones)
conducting zone (macroscopic)
respiratory zone (microscopic)
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Conducting zone consists of
passageways for the conduction of air
nose
pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
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Functions of conducting zone - nose
Provides airway for respiration
moistens and warms air
cleans and filters unwanted particles
aids in speech
provides a sight for the olfactory receptors
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Parts of the nose:
External nares: Nostrils, anterior portion is vestibule
Nasal cavities: separated by nasal septum; 3 bony projections called conchae; sticky mucus traps foreign particles
Internal nares: opening between nose and throat
Paranasal sinuses: maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses
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Pharynx
aka throat
consists of nasopharynx (air), oropharynx and laryngopharynx(food and air)
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Larynx
aka voice box
contains vocal cords
connects pharynx to trachea
epiglottis covers opening of larynx
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Trachea
aka windpipe
provides passageway for air to move in and out of lungs
Cleans warms and moistens incoming air
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Bronchi
Trachea branches into left bronchus and right bronchus which lead to each lung
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Terminal bronchioles
provide the passageway into the respiratory zone
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Respiratory zone (microscopic)
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
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Respiratory bronchioles
formed from branchings of the terminal bronchioles
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Alveolar ducts
respiratory bronchioles lead into ducts
Ducts lead into clusters of alveoli
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Alveoli (air sacs)
provide surface area for exchange of gases
found in clusters called alveolar sacs
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3 types of cells in alveoli
Type I alveolar (simple squamous epithelium) provide site for gas exchange
Type II alveolar (septal cells) produce surfactant (compound that prevents alveoli from collapsing)
Macrophages (dust cells) clean up foreign material
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Structure of the lungs
weigh 1kg
soft spongy and elastic
Take up all of thoracic cavity
Cone shaped
Each lung encased in pleura sac
base sits on diaphragm
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Hilus
area in each lung where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the bronchus enter and leave the lung
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lobes in lungs
right lung has 3 lobes (55% of gas exchange)
left lung has 2 lobes (45% of gas exchange)
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Lobes of lungs are divided into
bronchopulmonary segments
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Lobules
small macroscopic subdivisions of bronchopulmonary segments
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2 layers of pleura
visceral layer hugs lung surface
Parietal layer lines thoracic wall and upper surface of diaphragm
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During normal inhalation (inspiration)
thoracic volume increases
pressure in lungs decreases
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During normal exhalation (expiration)
pressure in lungs increases and forces air out of the lungs
Thoracic volume decreases
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Gas exchange in lungs
air inhaled
o2 from air diffuses from alveoli into capillaries
CO2 diffuses from capillaries into the alveoli
CO2 is exhaled
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