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Anatomy & Physiology MB > Module 12: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Module 12: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

target cells

A

cells that respond to hormones

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2
Q

Functions of hormones

A 
growth/repair
balance of energy
response to stress
maintain pH
Reproduction
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3
Q

Endocrine system vs nervous system

A

Endo: communicated with body cells through hormones
Effects are in minutes/hours/weeks

Nervous: communicates with body cells through electrical impulses and chemical neurotransmitters
Effects in seconds

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4
Q

Major endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Thymus
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5
Q

Other tissue that produces hormones

A

pancreas
gonads
hypothalamus

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6
Q

Chemical classification of hormones

A

Amino based - proteins, most hormones are this

Steroid - synthesized by cholesterol, sex hormones and those from adrenal cortex

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7
Q

Protein hormones react with receptors on the

A

surface of the cell

rapid reactions

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8
Q

steroid hormones react with receptors on the

A

inside of a cell

slow reactions

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9
Q

Negative feeback

A

info about effects of hormones is “fed back” to gland which decreases secretion of the hormone

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10
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Hormones affected by direct stimuli to cause a gland to secrete its hormone

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11
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

hormones that are controlled in response to other hormones

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12
Q

Pituitary gland

A

“master gland”
aka hypophysis

Anterior and posterior

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland
adenohyphophysis (regulates hormonal secretions into blood vessels; stop or start secretion)

neurohypophysis (produced in hypothalamus and sent into capillary bed to be stored and released)

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14
Q

Hormones associated with hypothalamus

A 
Growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticoprophic (ACTH)
FSH
LH
Prolactin (PRL)
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic (ADH)
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15
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

aka somatotropin
targets most body tissue
stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis

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16
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

aka thyrotropin
targets thyroid gland
stimulates production of thyroid hormones

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormones (ACTH)

A

targets cortex of adrenal glands

stimulates production of hormones in adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)

A

targets testes and ovaries

stimulates production of sperm, maturation of ova and production of estrogen by ovaries

19
Q

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

A

targets reproductive organs
stimulates production of testosterones, estrogen and progesterone
stimulates ovulation

20
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

targets mammary glands

stimulates milk production

21
Q

Oxytocin

A

targets uterus, mammary glands
stimulates uterine contractions/labor
Simulates ejection of milk

22
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

aka vasopressin
targets kidneys
Increases water reabsorption in tubules

23
Q

Thyroid gland

A

very vascular
2 lobes connected by isthmus
Internally has follicles (thyroid hormones) and parafollicular cells (produce calcitonin)

24
Q

Thyroid gland hormones

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine)
Calcitonin

25
Q

T3 and T4

A

targets most body cells
regulates energy balances
increases rate of protein synthesis
regulates growth

26
Q

Calcitonin

A

targets bone tissue

regulates calcium blood levels by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone tissue into blood

27
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

4 small glands

Parathyroid hormones

28
Q

Parathyroid hormones (PTH)

A

aka parathormone
targets bones, intestines, kidneys
increases blood calcium levels

29
Q

Adrenal glands

A

above each kidney
aka suprarenal glands
made up of cortex and medulla

30
Q

hormones of adrenal cortex

A

mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids

31
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

most common is aldosterone
targets kidneys
regulates water balance in body

32
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

most common is cortisol
targets most cells
increase blood sugar
inhibit inflammation and immune response

33
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

aka androgens
targets ovaries and testicles
increases sex drive

34
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

35
Q

Epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline
targets heart and blood vessels
Coping with stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscles and blood sugar

36
Q

Norepinephrine

A

aka noradrenaline
targets heart and blood vessels
raises blood pressure

37
Q

Hormones produced by panceas

A

insulin

glucagon

38
Q

Insulin

A

produced by beta cells in islets of langerhans
Targets most cells
Lowers blood glucose by increasing rate of glucose transported into cells

39
Q

Glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells int he islets of langerhans
Targets liver
increases blood glucose
stimulates live to convert glycogen into the bloodstream

40
Q

Male Gonads

A

testicles which produce testosterones

41
Q

Female gonads

A

ovaries with produce estrogen (female characteristics) and progesterone (Maintain lining of uterus for pregnancy)

42
Q

Thymus gland

A 
site production of t cells (immunity)
Secretes thymosin (regulates development and function of immune system)
43
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Affects rate of secretion of other hormones

Secretes melatonin

44
Q

Other organs that produce hormones

A

stomach (gastrin stimulates release of HCl for digestion)
Duodenum (secretes intestinal gastrin which inhibits HCl)
Kidneys (Erythropoietin EPO stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC)
Skin (cholecalciferol stimulates active transport of calcium into bloodstream)
Adipose tissue (leptin suppresses appetite)
Heart (atrial natruretic peptide)

Anatomy & Physiology MB (19 decks)

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