Module 12: The Endocrine System

Question 1

target cells

Answer 1

cells that respond to hormones

Question 2

Functions of hormones

Answer 2

growth/repair
balance of energy
response to stress
maintain pH
Reproduction

Question 3

Endocrine system vs nervous system

Answer 3

Endo: communicated with body cells through hormones
Effects are in minutes/hours/weeks

Nervous: communicates with body cells through electrical impulses and chemical neurotransmitters
Effects in seconds

Question 4

Major endocrine glands

Answer 4

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Thymus

Question 5

Other tissue that produces hormones

Answer 5

pancreas
gonads
hypothalamus

Question 6

Chemical classification of hormones

Answer 6

Amino based - proteins, most hormones are this

Steroid - synthesized by cholesterol, sex hormones and those from adrenal cortex

Question 7

Protein hormones react with receptors on the

Answer 7

surface of the cell

rapid reactions

Question 8

steroid hormones react with receptors on the

Answer 8

inside of a cell

slow reactions

Question 9

Negative feeback

Answer 9

info about effects of hormones is “fed back” to gland which decreases secretion of the hormone

Question 10

Neural stimuli

Answer 10

Hormones affected by direct stimuli to cause a gland to secrete its hormone

Question 11

Hormonal Stimuli

Answer 11

hormones that are controlled in response to other hormones

Question 12

Pituitary gland

Answer 12

“master gland”
aka hypophysis

Anterior and posterior

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

controls pituitary gland
adenohyphophysis (regulates hormonal secretions into blood vessels; stop or start secretion)

neurohypophysis (produced in hypothalamus and sent into capillary bed to be stored and released)

Question 14

Hormones associated with hypothalamus

Answer 14

Growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticoprophic (ACTH)
FSH
LH
Prolactin (PRL)
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic (ADH)

Question 15

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 15

aka somatotropin
targets most body tissue
stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis

Question 16

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 16

aka thyrotropin
targets thyroid gland
stimulates production of thyroid hormones

Question 17

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormones (ACTH)

Answer 17

targets cortex of adrenal glands

stimulates production of hormones in adrenal cortex

Question 18

Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)

Answer 18

targets testes and ovaries

stimulates production of sperm, maturation of ova and production of estrogen by ovaries

Question 19

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

Answer 19

targets reproductive organs
stimulates production of testosterones, estrogen and progesterone
stimulates ovulation

Question 20

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 20

targets mammary glands

stimulates milk production

Question 21

Oxytocin

Answer 21

targets uterus, mammary glands
stimulates uterine contractions/labor
Simulates ejection of milk

Question 22

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 22

aka vasopressin
targets kidneys
Increases water reabsorption in tubules

Question 23

Thyroid gland

Answer 23

very vascular
2 lobes connected by isthmus
Internally has follicles (thyroid hormones) and parafollicular cells (produce calcitonin)

Question 24

Thyroid gland hormones

Answer 24

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine)
Calcitonin

Question 25

T3 and T4

Answer 25

targets most body cells regulates energy balances increases rate of protein synthesis regulates growth

Question 26

Calcitonin

Answer 26

targets bone tissue | regulates calcium blood levels by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone tissue into blood

Question 27

Parathyroid gland

Answer 27

4 small glands | Parathyroid hormones

Question 28

Parathyroid hormones (PTH)

Answer 28

aka parathormone targets bones, intestines, kidneys increases blood calcium levels

Question 29

Adrenal glands

Answer 29

above each kidney aka suprarenal glands made up of cortex and medulla

Question 30

hormones of adrenal cortex

Answer 30

mineralcorticoids glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids

Question 31

Mineralcorticoids

Answer 31

most common is aldosterone targets kidneys regulates water balance in body

Question 32

Glucocorticoids

Answer 32

most common is cortisol targets most cells increase blood sugar inhibit inflammation and immune response

Question 33

Gonadocorticoids

Answer 33

aka androgens targets ovaries and testicles increases sex drive

Question 34

Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

Answer 34

Epinephrine | Norepinephrine

Question 35

Epinephrine

Answer 35

aka adrenaline targets heart and blood vessels Coping with stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscles and blood sugar

Question 36

Norepinephrine

Answer 36

aka noradrenaline targets heart and blood vessels raises blood pressure

Question 37

Hormones produced by panceas

Answer 37

insulin | glucagon

Question 38

Insulin

Answer 38

produced by beta cells in islets of langerhans Targets most cells Lowers blood glucose by increasing rate of glucose transported into cells

Question 39

Glucagon

Answer 39

produced by alpha cells int he islets of langerhans Targets liver increases blood glucose stimulates live to convert glycogen into the bloodstream

Question 40

Male Gonads

Answer 40

testicles which produce testosterones

Question 41

Female gonads

Answer 41

ovaries with produce estrogen (female characteristics) and progesterone (Maintain lining of uterus for pregnancy)

Question 42

Thymus gland

Answer 42

``` site production of t cells (immunity) Secretes thymosin (regulates development and function of immune system) ```

Question 43

Pineal Gland

Answer 43

Affects rate of secretion of other hormones | Secretes melatonin

Question 44

Other organs that produce hormones

Answer 44

stomach (gastrin stimulates release of HCl for digestion) Duodenum (secretes intestinal gastrin which inhibits HCl) Kidneys (Erythropoietin EPO stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC) Skin (cholecalciferol stimulates active transport of calcium into bloodstream) Adipose tissue (leptin suppresses appetite) Heart (atrial natruretic peptide)